IUM - Revista de Ciências Miliares
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- Integration of unmanned aircraft systems in general air traffic in PortugalPublication . Lourenço, João Paulo Ferreira; Páscoa, Carlos Jorge RamosThe integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into General Air Traffic (GAT) presents complex regulatory, operational, and technological challenges. This study aims to design a conceptual ecosystem model to facilitate UAS integration into Portuguese airspace, ensuring alignment with international best practices. The research methodology combined documentary analysis of international and national literature and semi-structured interviews conducted with subject matter experts. The interviews focused on system, infrastructure, and airspace dimensions. This analysis identified significant gaps in Portugal’s current regulatory strategies, digital platforms, and airspace management, despite partial alignment with European Union Aviation Safety Agency regulations. Based on these findings, a phased ecosystem model is proposed, beginning with the implementation of test zones for U-Space implementation in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, and Funchal, and later expanding to support Urban Air Mobility services nationwide. The study concludes that the successful integration of UAS into GAT requires a centralized, automated coordination system, strategic infrastructure investment, and formal airspace designation. The proposed model offers a pragmatic and scalable roadmap to overcome existing barriers, contributing to academic knowledge and providing actionable recommendations for policymakers and aviation stakeholders.
- Integrating additive manufacturing to military maintenancePublication . Rautio, Samu; Valtonen, Ilari; Lehtonen, Juha-MattiThe aim of this study is to investigate what kind of conceptual model should form the core for simulation model studying Additive Manufacturing (AM) in the military logistics supply chain. The focus of the study is on the Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC) vehicles spare parts in the mechanized battalion. In the study, the conceptual model of the key functions of a mechanized battalion's two-level maintenance system with AM support was modeled. Polymeric printing was employed for field- and depot-level maintenance, and metal printing was utilized for depot-level maintenance. We found that the conceptual model is an important phase in the simulation when designing a system where the number of 3D printers at two maintenance levels supports military logistics. We found that system dynamics depend on the intensity of battles (spare part demand), maintenance concept, and the size of the parts to be 3D-printed. It is also clear that the original material of spare parts affects the ability of AM to support the maintenance system, which may change the inventory planning.
- The influence of human security on the security of maritime spaces : the case of the South AtlanticPublication . Alexandre, António GonçalvesKenneth Waltz claimed at the end of the 1970s that, given the anarchic order in force, security was the ultimate goal of states and that they could only pursue other targets when their survival was assured. However, at the end of the Cold War, there was an opening up in the way security was interpreted. Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde were among the leading theorists who questioned the primacy of the state in conceptualising security. And the fact is that its extension to fields beyond the military-political has led to concepts such as human security and maritimesecurity emerging in the lexicon of international relations. Following a qualitative research strategy and inductive reasoning, this article analyses illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the South Atlantic on the basis of a case study, since its growth over the last century has elevated it to the status of one of the most significant threats to the security and well-being of the region's populations. The conclusions show that the growing scarcity of fish stocks can undermine the human security of populations, leading them to engage in illegal activities that can compromise maritime security in the South Atlantic.
- Organizational culture in police corporations : a design guided by institutional valuesPublication . Fernandes, Sérgio Henrique Soares; Freitas, Mónica; IUMInstitutional values are an essential part of organizational culture, especially in police organizations, given their specific characteristics, such as conservatism, traditionalism, isolation, etc. Given this context, the general objective of this article was to outline the international culture of the Police based on each of the institutional values of the corporations investigated. The organizational values of the Police were demarcated as the object of study, being limited to the "street police", that is, those that exercise the ostensible character of preserving public order. The research had an exploratory character, of a qualitative nature, based on bibliographic and documentary analysis. An inductive reasoning was followed with an analysis of the values of 12 selected corporations in 11 countries. The challenge was to answer the central question - which current institutional values are representative of the culture in police organizations around the world? The main results showed that the organizational culture is made up of core institutional values such as commitment, loyalty, honor, respect, discipline, spirit of sacrifice and courage, as well as adjacent values such as professionalism, respect for human rights, quality, transparency, humanity, impartiality and justice.
- The digital organization in the Portuguese Air ForcePublication . Páscoa, Carlos Jorge Ramos; Telha, Ana Cristina RodriguesThe commitments and obligations which Portugal has undertaken (and, by extension, the Air Force), which reflect the growing concerns about the environment and the problem of Dematerialisation, and the need for near-real-time awareness has led to the development of computer applications with cockpits that enable the management of multiple application domains. The Organisation is the element that links military institutions to military capabilities and to their operational product. This study aims to optimise the way in which the organisation is managed by comparing planning to execution, aligning organisational concepts and establishing relationships between individual competencies and organisational competencies and functions. Design Science Research methodology was used to analyse and design the Air Force’s Digital Organisation. This was achieved by creating and establishing relationships between organisational concepts and building a computer-based artifact. The study contributes to science because it provides a representation of the organisational contexts, the competencies of organisational agents, the informational concepts that were developed and the traceability of the actions carried out during the study. The findings confirm that the Digital Organisation concept will make the Air Force’s management process more effective and efficient.
- The applicability of positive leadership in the Armed ForcesPublication . Ferreira, Tânia Mora; Rosinha, António José Palma Esteves; Carvalho, Rita João Ribeiro dePositive Leadership, a concept introduced by Kim Cameron in 2008, based on findings from the field of positive psychology, aims to foster a positive work environment, encourage wellbeing and emphasise strengths and positive outcomes. However, in the Armed Forces, where leadership is based on a military culture with a rigid hierarchical structure, the demanding nature of military missions requires a different approach. In light of this contrast between military command and the humanist approach that Positive Leadership proposes, this work will seek to understand if these concepts are compatible and explore how Positive Leadership practices can enrich the military environment. The goal is to analyse how Positive Leadership influences the “Quality of Work Life” and “Organisational Commitment” of military personnel. A mediation model was tested in a hypothetical-deductive study using a quantitative method and a questionnaire survey of Army and Air Force personnel. The findings show that Positive Leadership influences “Quality of Life at Work” and “Organisational Commitment”, especially through the mediating variables “Voice Climate” and “Acquiescent Silence”. Therefore, military leaders should cultivate an environment where voice is allowed and actively encouraged through practices such as feedback, brainstorming and an open-door policy.
- The involvement of the Portuguese Armed Forces in EUTM Mali: improving Portugal's recognition in the Sahel.Publication . Gomes, Luís Miguel Rodrigues; Bernardino, Luís Manuel BrásThis study analysed the involvement of the Portuguese Armed Forces in the European Union Training Mission in Mali (EUTM-Mali) to identify proposals for a national strategy for the Sahel. The study used a deductive reasoning methodology, a qualitative strategy and a case study research design based on a literature review and semi-structured interviews. The findings showed that the European Union has an interest in the security of the Sahel region because some of the threats that come from this region pose a risk to the EU Member States. Due to the situation in northern Mali having escalated, Europe has decided to become more active in the country by conducting missions within the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy. The study revealed that the involvement of the Portuguese military in EUTMMali has helped the European Union meet its international commitments in the region, showing that Portugal is committed multilaterally, that it is a producer of regional security and that it has the credibility to influence the European Union’s decisions regarding Africa, and specifically the Sahel.
- Prediction of leadership self-efficacy: a case study in a joint military samplePublication . Gomes, Ana Patrícia Correia; Andrade, Rui Miguel Rodrigues de; Almeida, João Carlos Romano; Caetano, Bruno Manuel Matos; Curto, Rodolfo Dionísio Prego; Mota, Bruno Manuel da Cunha; Rodrigues, Pedro Filipe Resende Martins Silva; Tostão, Ricardo Miguel OliveiraThe main objective of the present study was to analyze the impact of personality factors (Big Five), participation in operational missions, leadership styles and competencies on Leadership Self-Efficacy. This case study employed a quantitative methodology, through the application of a questionnaire to a sample of 103 officers from the Senior Officer Promotion Course 2022/2023 (2nd edition). The main results suggest an explanatory model of Leadership Self- Efficacy (with an explanatory power of 64.2%), where the following variables were identified as predictors: Transformational Leadership, Neuroticism (negative relationship), the importance attributed to Teamwork and Communication competencies, and the quality of Team Interaction. Participation in operational missions (frequency) was not significant in the model, and no significant differences were found in Leadership Self-Efficacy between military personnel with and without experience in operational missions.
- Contribution of the Portuguese Quick Reaction Force to the Protection of Civilians in the Central African RepublicPublication . Silva, Josias Marcos de ResendeIn 2017, following a drastic increase in violence in the Central African Republic (CAR), the United Nations Security Council decided to deploy a Quick Reaction Force (QRF) within the structure of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA). Composed of Portuguese commandos, the QRF aims to increase MINUSCA's capacity to protect civilians in CAR. In this context, the purpose of this research was to analyze the role played by the Portuguese QRF as a special operations unit, as well as its contribution to the protection of civilians (POC) in the CAR. Methodologically, this study consisted of a mixed-methods case study on the MINUSCA QRF, in which the quantitative data and analysis played a secondary role in support of the qualitative data and analysis. As a result, it was possible to conclude that the Portuguese commandos have effectively contributed to the reduction of physical violence against civilians by performing POC tasks aimed at the short term. However, as the Portuguese QRF has not conducted POC tasks aimed at the long term, its contribution has been insufficient to establish a safe environment in the Central African Republic.
- Space "Domain" and Earth observation, skills and case studiesPublication . Páscoa, Carlos Jorge RamosThe growing awareness and concerns about space, as well as the legal commitments and obligations undertaken by Portugal, and consequently by the Air Force, have created an urgent need to integrate the space domain into aviation operations. By analysing the relationship between space services and products and intelligence and operations, this study aims to identify how satellite-based Earth observing sensors (and the space skills required to employ them) can be used to make the activities of the Portuguese Air Force (PoAF) more efficient and effective. A Case Study methodology was chosen to conduct this work and six case studies were designed and analysed using information obtained from satellites. The findings showed that these products can provide vital information to the planning of aviation missions, improving the PoAF’s situational awareness and contributing to the identification of the organisational competencies required to conduct space-related activities. The findings showed that further integration of space products into aviation operations would improve support to decision making.