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- Towards a framework for the global wine tourism systemPublication . Santos, VascoPurpose – Wine tourism has stood out as a very recognized and valid tourism and marketing segment, growing worldwide and urging the complex needed advances on wine tourism practices performance. This paper aims to develop a new framework strictly applied to the global wine tourism system, taking into account emerging and future constructs and dimensions that precede and consequence it. Design/methodology/approach – The systematic mapping study (SMS) was adopted as the selected research methodological approach, both to analyze and to structure a broad research field concerning methods, designs and research, focuses on the papers published in reliable academic databases such as Emerald, ProQuest, Sage, Science Direct, Scopus, Wiley, Web of Science, Taylor and Francis and Wiley were properly selected and analyzed. Findings – The following four dimensions were found to comprise the global framework of the wine tourism system: (1) support features (governance, public policies and economic investment; supply development; physical and capacity conditions; requirements of health safety; opinion makers and leaders: managers/ stakeholders/players/marketers and benchmarking and value chain); (2) innovation ecosystem (profile of the new generations of wine tourists; virtual and augmented reality: digital and hybrid wine events; smart wine tourism companies; digital channels and platforms: blogs, websites, applications; wine tourism creative activities for all [from kids to seniors] and sustainable and ecologic wine tourism practices); (3) wine tourism experience dimensions (storytelling; involvement; winescape; attachment; emotions and sensory) and (4) behavioural intentions (satisfaction; loyalty; and WoM). Research limitations/implications – The framework still needs to be empirically applied in wine tourism settings to enrich tourists’ robustness in cross-cultural wine tourism experiences, covering a wider spread of abroad wine tourism destinations and products. Practical implications – This framework is a useful tool and becomes vital to their continued success, as a key reference of wine tourism management and marketing. As a wine tourist’s visitation frequency plays a role in his/her travel motives, product and service quality of tour packages must be improved and monitored. Originality/value – This is the first research study to demonstrate the combined use of the main domains forming the wine tourism system within a global perspective, covering of the most critical aspects.
- Developing a Commercial Ethics Framework for Analysing Marketing CampaignsPublication . Santos, Vasco; Martinho, DomingosThis study integrates the relationship of business ethics in marketing campaigns and the importance of the repercussion on organizational performance with the aim of creating a guide of business ethics in marketing campaigns for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This guide allows SMEs to analyse their ethical dimension as well as to raise awareness and instill commercial ethics actions in the marketing campaign common practices in organisations. The qualitative methodology has been applied, and the proposed theoretical model uses a set of dimensions of ethics, commercial ethics, codes of conduct, marketing, and marketing campaigns to analyse the relationship of commercial ethics with marketing campaigns and its influence on organisations. The result demonstrates the influence of commercial ethics on advertising actions that, when applied positively, enable and promote the brand image, thus contributing to the organizational performance.
- EMPLOYER BRANDING: FROM THE TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVE TO DIGITAL APPROACHPublication . Santos, Vasco; Pinto dos Reis, Isabel; Cardoso, Jorge Rio; Martinho, FilipaThis study performs a literature review into employer branding, from a traditional perspective to a current digital approach. As we are now living in a Digital Age, and the new work generations are already born digital it is crucial to find ways to communicate with them. Employer Branding concept, although it has been around for a few years, it is still a concept with a lot to explore, in the sense of strengthening the relationship between the departments that deal with it and, above all, the search for tools needed to disseminate it. This study intends to facilitate that path, by presenting an exhaustive literature review of both, concept and models of Employer Branding, as a way to promote the research in the area.
- Employer Branding Applied to SMEs: A Pioneering Model Proposal for Attracting and Retaining TalentPublication . Santos, Vasco; Pinto dos Reis, Isabel; Martinho, FilipaMost business enterprises are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and many of them are without a human resource and recruitment department. Thus, one of the challenges that organizations currently face is to find a strategy to retain and attract talent. To overcome this difficulty, enterprises must invest in employer branding policies and be aware of the factors that differentiate them from others when attracting employees. This study aims to develop an employer branding model applicable to SMEs, to increase and enhance the attraction and retention of talents. An exploratory approach based on a quantitative perspective was adopted to develop an employer branding model applied to SMEs, with two major reference employer branding models and frameworks used as the main support. The model of employer branding was applied to SMEs regarding four dimensions, whereby essential questions are asked, namely (1) organizational culture (e.g., do employees have a job description aligned with the corporate culture?), (2) company strategy (e.g., what is the strategy if business volume decreases?), (3) company reputation (e.g., how do you perceive and treat negative feedback?), and (4) reward systems (e.g., do you feel that your employees are motivated intrinsically or extrinsically or both?), ordered by layers based on a logical sequence. The new proposed model is expected to serve as a useful strategic tool and as a basis for attracting, retaining and managing talent, specifically in the SMEs context. This new model provides a set of strategic and competitiveness benefits for SMEs, while contributing to making enterprises more profitable. The model also contributes to SMEs having a better image and reputation, enabling them to stand out from others in the war for talent.
- CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN TOURISM: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVOLVEMENT AND EMOTIONSPublication . Santos, VascoThis paper performs a content analysis on the literature focused on the emotions and involvement in tourism consumer behaviour. The scope of this research is to cover two of the most critical aspects of consumer behaviour. Involvement and emotions that are the two biggest elements that drive tourist consumer behaviour on tourist activity. We aim to define the concepts and understand its relevance in the behaviour of tourists on tourist activity in leisure tourism destinations. The methodological approach used is a content analysis to show definitions, mixed results, frameworks, different theoretical and practical approaches, comparisons and blend of various scales of involvement scales and emotions with the confrontation of authors. These results show that constructs are increasingly prominent on travel behaviour and are increasingly being explored and investigated in leisure sciences. The findings provide theoretical support bringing together a consensus on definitions. The content analysis produces insights on how the concepts and definitions of involvement and emotions were clarified and defined in a more holistic way.
- EMPLOYEE REWARDS AND MOTIVATION IN PORTUGUESE MERCIESPublication . Santos, VascoGoal – This study aims to investigate the influence of rewards on work motivation in Portuguese mercies. Method - To achieve our goal a quantitative descriptive study was carried out based on an online survey. A convenience sample of 132 collaborators of the Portuguese mercies was used. Results - The results show that intrinsic task and knowledge rewards as well as extrinsic social rewards have a positive impact on autonomous motivation. Discussion - There was no significant evidence regarding the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on controlled motivation. Having found that perceptions of intrinsic rewards are more positive than those of extrinsic rewards; and, that employees have higher levels of autonomous motivation than controlled motivation. Conclusion - The present study allowed us to assess which rewards had the greatest impact on mercies employees’ motivation, contributing to the understanding of the most appropriate instruments for an effective management of human resources motivation in these institutions.
- Ethics and Sustainability in Hospitality Employer BrandingPublication . Santos, Vasco; Pinto dos Reis, Isabel; Martinho, FilipaTourism is currently one of the main sectors of profit for the worldwide economy. This study aims to explore ethics and sustainability in employer branding applied in the hotel industry, which is intended to correlate these very current and little-explored themes. This study aims to explore the investigation of these concepts that have grown, especially in the area of tourism and hospitality, as a way to better understand how the hotel sector can improve and develop strategic tools to achieve organisational success and capture the best talent. Methodologically, a Delphi method (three rounds) was performed through 26 participants recognised as experts of three major associations within the hotel industry in Portugal. As the main outcome, this research validated the Ethics and Sustainability in Hospitality Employer Branding Model, comprising three dimensions (HRM and EB Practices; Factors of business ethics and environmental sustainability; and Advantages of UH in implementing the EB strategy and RS communication) and underlying categories. Findings and practical implications to management are presented.
- Wine tourist profiling in the Porto wine cellars: segmentation based on wine product involvementPublication . Santos, VascoThis paper segments a sample of 918 Porto wine cellars visitors based on their wine product involvement. A segmentation methodology was applied to the wine product involvement of wine tourists. Three clusters were identified with high, medium and low wine product involvement levels. The relevant theore tical contribution of this study was to provide new evidence of segmentation based on product involvement studies in the wine tourism market field in an area were empirical studies still remain scarce. The findings offer managerial implications regarding the wine tourists’ identification and how to better adapt the visits. This is also the first study demonstrating wine tourist profiling and segmentation specifically applied to involvement with the Porto wine product.
- Ethical Marketing Model for Luxury Hotel Chains: Development and Validation of a Performance Evaluation ToolPublication . Santos, VascoThe aim of this study is to develop a new performance evaluation tool that is stringently applied to the hotel chains, considering the associated ethical marketing dimensions to measure its proper strategic, tactical, and operational role and impact within hospitality marketing management plans, campaigns, and strategies implemented. A Delphi technique was conducted as the selected research qualitative method, comprising three rounds. A total of 23 panel participants, such as directors and managers of marketing, e-commerce, sales, and branding, completed all three rounds. Two major areas of ethical marketing, internal and external, both divided into five dimensions, each with underlying items, were found to comprise the ethical marketing model for luxury hotel chains: (1) internal area of marketing (with five dimensions: integration, training, equal opportunities, performance evaluation, and smart policies) and (2) external area of marketing (with five dimensions: stakeholders, booking platforms and CRM, marketing plan, digital marketing campaigns, and social media platforms). The study concludes with useful insights and remarks. The generalisability of the results may be limited owning to the partial or not full applicability across all luxury hotel chains. The model still needs to be empirically applied in luxury hotel chains to enrich its robustness, covering a wider spread of four- and five-star luxury hotels. There is a growing potential for researchers, hotel decision makers, and marketing and sales managers and directors to achieve many advantages and benefits from the proposed model, supporting the efforts for ethical marketing theory and practice, such as hotel brand positioning strategies and formulation of more targeted and finely tuned ethical marketing strategies, tactics, and plans. This is the first study to develop and validate a performance evaluation tool of ethical marketing for luxury hotel chains. This pioneering approach extends the scope into ethical marketing because this model has never been used in this area.
- Wine Tourism and Sustainability Awareness: A Consumer Behavior PerspectivePublication . Santos, VascoThe research on tourism is constant and unending; food and wine tourism research still represents a small part inside this wider field. Wine tourism and events are critical for sustainable development of rural areas. In this context, the emotional bond between the wine tourists the regions and the producers that they visit is created, not just through the wine as a product, but also through a set of hedonic features that are present in the visit and tasting experience. To reach the research objectives, a quantitative methodology was chosen. For this research a questionnaire was used and completed by wine cellar visitors and distributed to wine tourism facilities. An online questionnaire was applied in wine and wine tourism social network groups. To test the hypothesis, a structural equation modelling (SEM) was used has well as an importance–performance matrix analysis (IPMA) was also used for further exploration of the results. Results reveal that brand love and wine involvement are positively related to emotional satisfaction, evaluative satisfaction, and word-of-mouth (WOM) intention. Regarding the two dimensions of satisfaction (emotional and evaluative), only the second revealed a direct and indirect positive effect on WOM. From an interdisciplinary point of view, this paper presents insights for niche marketing (i.e., wine tourism, segmentation and brand management) and for local and sustainable development. Lastly, the research limitations and suggestions for future research are presented.