EM - IUEM - Psicologia Forense e Criminal
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- Relationship between childhood experiences, beliefs legitimizing sexual violence, sexual victimization in adulthood and shamePublication . Pais, Diana Malha Caldeira; Almeida, TelmaBackground: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) present negative consequences throughout life, such as greater feelings of shame. However, the presence of positive childhood experiences (PCEs) can mitigate the impact of childhood adversity, contributing to better mental health and well-being. The relationship between childhood experiences and beliefs legitimizing sexual violence (BLSV) has been the subject of several studies. Nonetheless, the results remain unclear, and the literature has not yet found consensus regarding this relationship. Objectives: Assess the relationship between childhood experiences and BLSV, as well as between childhood experiences and shame. It also aims to compare a sample of victims of sexual violence in adulthood and a sample of non-victims of sexual violence in adulthood in terms of childhood experiences, BLSV, and shame. In addition, it aims to analyze the predictive factors of shame. Participants: The sample consisted of 327 participants aged between 18 and 74, 91 of whom were victims of sexual violence in adulthood, and the remaining 236 were non-victims. Methodology: A Sociodemographic Questionnaire, a Sexual Violence Checklist, the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, the Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale, the Beliefs about Sexual Violence Scale, and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised were applied. Results: The results indicate that both samples exhibit higher levels of PCEs compared to ACEs and shame. There are significant correlations between some ACEs and fewer BLSV, as well as between some ACEs and more feelings of shame. On the other hand, PCEs are associated with lower levels of shame but higher levels of BLSV. When comparing the samples, the victims had more ACEs, more shame, and fewer BLSV. Linear regression indicates that sex, age, emotional abuse, and PCEs are significant predictors of shame. Conclusion: This study highlights the consequences of childhood experiences on the development of beliefs and symptoms associated with trauma, emphasizing the differences between victims and non-victims of sexual violence in adulthood. In this sense, it contributes to the literature and reinforces the need to develop trauma-based prevention strategies that strengthen resilience skills.
- The link between adverse childhood experiences, emotional intelligence and alexithymia : a comparative study between a sample of offenders and the general populationPublication . Redondo, Tatiana Gonzaga; Almeida, TelmaBackground: Individuals with a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are likely to display alexithymia and are more prone to engage in criminal behaviors, Emotional intelligence (EI) also plays a significant role in aggression and criminal behavior. Objectives: This study intends to a) assess the relationship between ACEs and alexithymia; b) assess the relationship between ACEs and EI; c) to compare a sample of offenders with a sample of the general population in the variables under study. Methods: The sample comprised a general population and an offender population. This research included a sample of 245 individuals from the general and offender population, with ages ranging from 18 to 68. The participants responded to the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACEs; Felitti, 1998; Portuguese version, Pinto et al., 2014), that examines various adverse experiences during childhood; the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20; Taylor et al.,1992; Portuguese version, Praceres et al., 2000), which assesses characteristics of alexithymia; and the Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS; Wong & Law, 2002), which measures emotional intelligence. Results: In the first study, it was observed the offender population revealed higher scores of ACEs and TAS than the general population. In the general population were found statistically significant positive correlations between difficulty identifying feelings, emotional neglect and ACE; statistically significant positive correlations between difficulty describing feelings, and emotional neglect; statistically significant positive correlations between externally oriented thinking, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and parental divorce; statistically significant positive correlations between emotional neglect and TAS. Within the offender population they were found statistically significant positive correlations between difficulty identifying feelings and emotional neglect; statistically significant positive correlations between difficulty identifying feelings, violence exposure, incarcerated family member and ACE; statistically significant positive correlations between alexithymia and emotional neglect. The findings indicated that individuals within the offender population obtained significantly higher scores of ACEs compared to the general population sample, as well as the total score of ACEs. Additionally, the results revealed that the offender population presents higher scores regarding alexithymia, particularly, in the externally oriented thinking dimension. In the second study, the offender population exhibited higher scores of ACEs and EI when compared to the general population. In the general population it was revealed statistically significant negative correlations between self-emotions appraisal and emotional neglect; statistically significant negative correlations between emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and regulation of emotions; a statistically significant negative correlations were also found between physical abuse, emotional neglect and WLEIS. In the offender population it was found a statistically significant positive correlations between others’ emotions appraisal and emotional neglect. Conclusion: The findings empathize the importance of developing prevention strategies, to reduce the prevalence of ACEs in the population, both inmate and general population. Further research needs to be conducted including a wider homogeneous sample, to better understand the intricate interactions between ACEs, alexithymia, emotional intelligence and subsequent criminal behavior.