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Estudo das patologias das glândulas salivares : epidemiologia, diagnóstico e tratamentos, das inflamações aos tumores
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Abstract(s)
As glândulas salivares desempenham um papel fundamental não só na saude oral, como também no bem-estar geral do paciente. As suas disfunções podem contribuir para o aparecimento de diversas patologias relevantes. . Enquanto médicos dentistas, a nossa prática clínica depende em parte da função das glândulas salivares, tanto diretamente, através da observação e rastreio de patologias das próprias glândulas, como
indiretamente, uma vez que muitos tratamentos beneficiam das propriedades naturais da saliva. Existem três glândulas salivares principais: a parótida, a submandibular e a sublingual. Existem ainda glândulas salivares acessórias ou minor, distribuídas por toda a cavidade oral, sobretudo ao nível dos lábios e do palato. Estas glândulas produzem a saliva, uma secreção complexa composta por água, eletrólitos, proteínas e enzimas. A
saliva é essencial para diversas funções fisiológicas.
As patologias das glândulas salivares podem ter várias origens, incluindo:
• Mecânica: obstáculos à saída de saliva, causados pela presença de cálculos nos canais excretores ou no interior das próprias glândulas, conhecidos como litíase salivar.
• Infecciosa: por exemplo, a parotidite epidémica (papeira), que constitui a patologia infecciosa mais clássica. Esta é uma doença viral infantil causada por
um paramixovírus, que se manifesta principalmente por tumefação da glândula parótida.
• Imunológica: como a síndrome de Gougerot-Sjögren, também conhecida como síndrome seca, que afeta as glândulas exócrinas salivares, lacrimais e também das mucosas nasais, genitais e gástricas, sendo provocada por uma doença autoimune.
• Tumoral: neoplasias malignas que se desenvolvem a partir das glândulas salivares acessórias e que se podem propagar ao longo das fibras nervosas.
As opções terapêuticas para estas patologias variam conforme a etiologia e incluem abordagens (medicamentos, laser, intervenções cirúrgicas e terapias inovadoras). Este estudo tem como objetivo rever a literatura para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as doenças das glândulas salivares, sublinhando a importância do diagnóstico precoce e da prevenção ativa pelos profissionais de saúde.
Salivary glands play a fundamental role not only in oral health but also in the patient’s overall well-being. Their dysfunction can contribute to the onset of various significant diseases. As dentists, our clinical practice depends directly on the function of salivary glands, particularly for the detection of pathologies, but also indirectly, since many treatments rely on saliva. There are three main salivary glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Additionally, there are minor or accessory salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity, especially in the lips and palate. These glands produce saliva, a complex secretion composed of water, electrolytes, proteins, and enzymes. Saliva is essential for numerous physiological functions. Pathologies of the salivary glands have diverse etiologies, including: • Mechanical: obstruction of salivary flow caused by the presence of stones in the excretory ducts or within the glands themselves, known as salivary lithiasis. • Infectious: for example, mumps, which is the most classic infectious pathology. It is a childhood viral disease caused by a paramyxovirus, mainly manifesting as swelling of the parotid gland. • Immunological: such as Sjögren’s syndrome, also known as dry syndrome, which affects the salivary and lacrimal exocrine glands, as well as nasal, genital, and gastric mucosa, caused by an autoimmune disease. • Tumoral: malignant neoplasms originating from the accessory salivary glands and spreading along nerve fibers. Therapeutic options for these salivary gland disorders vary depending on the nature of the disease and include different approaches such as pharmacological treatments, laser therapy, surgical interventions, and innovative treatments like bioengineering. The aim of this study is to conduct a literature review to deepen our understanding of salivary gland pathologies, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and active prevention by healthcare professionals.
Salivary glands play a fundamental role not only in oral health but also in the patient’s overall well-being. Their dysfunction can contribute to the onset of various significant diseases. As dentists, our clinical practice depends directly on the function of salivary glands, particularly for the detection of pathologies, but also indirectly, since many treatments rely on saliva. There are three main salivary glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Additionally, there are minor or accessory salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity, especially in the lips and palate. These glands produce saliva, a complex secretion composed of water, electrolytes, proteins, and enzymes. Saliva is essential for numerous physiological functions. Pathologies of the salivary glands have diverse etiologies, including: • Mechanical: obstruction of salivary flow caused by the presence of stones in the excretory ducts or within the glands themselves, known as salivary lithiasis. • Infectious: for example, mumps, which is the most classic infectious pathology. It is a childhood viral disease caused by a paramyxovirus, mainly manifesting as swelling of the parotid gland. • Immunological: such as Sjögren’s syndrome, also known as dry syndrome, which affects the salivary and lacrimal exocrine glands, as well as nasal, genital, and gastric mucosa, caused by an autoimmune disease. • Tumoral: malignant neoplasms originating from the accessory salivary glands and spreading along nerve fibers. Therapeutic options for these salivary gland disorders vary depending on the nature of the disease and include different approaches such as pharmacological treatments, laser therapy, surgical interventions, and innovative treatments like bioengineering. The aim of this study is to conduct a literature review to deepen our understanding of salivary gland pathologies, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and active prevention by healthcare professionals.
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
Glândulas salivares Patologias Diagnóstico Opções terapêuticas