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Publication
Serviço militar
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Abstract(s)
A evolução do panorama geopolítico na Europa e na OTAN, ao longo da última década, tem vindo a intensificar a necessidade de reavaliar os modelos de recrutamento e de prestação de serviço militar. As dificuldades no recrutamento e retenção de efetivos nas Forças Armadas (FFAA) têm suscitado o debate em torno da viabilidade e necessidade de reintroduzir a conscrição em Portugal. Esta tendência acompanha o percurso de vários países europeus e da OTAN, onde a instabilidade e os constrangimentos em satisfazer os requisitos de efetivos conduziram à reintrodução, parcial ou total, de procedimentos de seleção obrigatória.
O presente estudo propõe explorar um modelo alternativo de serviço militar, estruturado em torno da seguinte questão central de investigação: Qual a viabilidade e quais os requisitos essenciais para a reintrodução de um sistema com recurso à conscrição em Portugal? Quatro questões subsidiárias orientam a análise: examinar o último modelo de serviço militar com conscrição aplicado em Portugal; identificar os elementos-chave e analisar as caraterísticas dos modelos baseados na conscrição atualmente em vigor noutros países; avaliar a perceção atual dos jovens portugueses sobre o regresso de um serviço militar obrigatório; e determinar que tipo de modelo com um elemento de conscrição poderia ser introduzido de forma a minimizar a controvérsia social, em particular entre os jovens.
A investigação assenta numa abordagem metodológica mista, combinando dados qualitativos provenientes de sete entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas a oficiais das FFAA e decisores políticos, com dados quantitativos obtidos através de 931 questionários aplicados a alunos do ensino secundário (10.º ao 12.º ano). As entrevistas evidenciam os desafios associados ao atual sistema voluntário e contratual, enquanto os questionários permitem aferir a perceção dos jovens relativamente à possível reintrodução de um modelo que envolva seleção obrigatória.
Para a conceção do modelo proposto, recorre-se a uma matriz que integra o quadro analítico “Fins–Meios–Modos” (Lykke, 1989). Esta metodologia possibilita a avaliação comparativa de diversos sistemas baseados na conscrição, identificando fatores estruturais cruciais à realidade nacional. Os resultados indicam uma crescente X aceitação da conscrição por parte dos jovens, sobretudo quando inserida em modelos flexíveis que conciliem o serviço militar com componentes do serviço cívico um modelo híbrido. Esta mudança parece refletir uma evolução nas perceções sobre segurança nacional, uma alteração no discurso político, bem como fatores económicos que afetam o mercado de trabalho e o emprego jovem. O modelo delineado constitui uma base de trabalho para decisões de política pública, orientadas para a implementação de um sistema de conscrição flexível e adaptável, integrando os elementos mais vantajosos dos exemplos internacionais analisados.
The evolution of the geopolitical landscape in Europe and NATO over the past decade has heightened the need to reassess military recruitment and service models. Persistent challenges in the recruitment and retention of personnel within the Armed Forces have reignited the debate on the feasibility and necessity of reintroducing conscription in Portugal. This trend mirrors developments in several European and NATO member states, where instability and difficulties in meeting personnel requirements have led to the partial or full reinstatement of mandatory selection mechanisms. This study seeks to explore an alternative model of military service, structured around the following central research question: What is the feasibility and what are the essential requirements for the reintroduction of a conscription-based system in Portugal? The analysis is guided by four subsidiary questions: examining the last conscription-based Military Service model implemented in Portugal; identifying key components and analysing the characteristics of conscription-based models currently in force in other countries; assessing contemporary Portuguese youth perceptions regarding the re-establishment of compulsory military service; and determining which type of model incorporating an element of conscription could be introduced in a way that minimises social controversy, particularly among young people. The research is based on a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative data obtained from seven semi-structured interviews with Armed Forces officers and policymakers, and quantitative data collected through 931 questionnaires administered to secondary school students (10th to 12th grade). The interviews highlight the limitations and challenges associated with the current voluntary and contractual system, while the questionnaires provide insight into young people's perspectives on the potential reintroduction of a model involving mandatory selection. To design the proposed model, a matrix is used that integrates the “Ends–Ways–Means” analytical framework (Lykke, 1989). This methodology enables a comparative assessment of different conscription-based systems, identifying structural factors that are crucial for adaptation to the Portuguese context. The findings indicate a growing acceptance of conscription among young people, particularly when implemented through flexible models that combine military service with civic service components — a hybrid model. This shift reflects changing perceptions of national security, an evolving political discourse, and economic factors impacting the labour market and youth employment. The proposed model provides a structured foundation for public policy decisions aimed at implementing a flexible and adaptable conscription system, incorporating the most advantageous elements of the international examples analysed.
The evolution of the geopolitical landscape in Europe and NATO over the past decade has heightened the need to reassess military recruitment and service models. Persistent challenges in the recruitment and retention of personnel within the Armed Forces have reignited the debate on the feasibility and necessity of reintroducing conscription in Portugal. This trend mirrors developments in several European and NATO member states, where instability and difficulties in meeting personnel requirements have led to the partial or full reinstatement of mandatory selection mechanisms. This study seeks to explore an alternative model of military service, structured around the following central research question: What is the feasibility and what are the essential requirements for the reintroduction of a conscription-based system in Portugal? The analysis is guided by four subsidiary questions: examining the last conscription-based Military Service model implemented in Portugal; identifying key components and analysing the characteristics of conscription-based models currently in force in other countries; assessing contemporary Portuguese youth perceptions regarding the re-establishment of compulsory military service; and determining which type of model incorporating an element of conscription could be introduced in a way that minimises social controversy, particularly among young people. The research is based on a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative data obtained from seven semi-structured interviews with Armed Forces officers and policymakers, and quantitative data collected through 931 questionnaires administered to secondary school students (10th to 12th grade). The interviews highlight the limitations and challenges associated with the current voluntary and contractual system, while the questionnaires provide insight into young people's perspectives on the potential reintroduction of a model involving mandatory selection. To design the proposed model, a matrix is used that integrates the “Ends–Ways–Means” analytical framework (Lykke, 1989). This methodology enables a comparative assessment of different conscription-based systems, identifying structural factors that are crucial for adaptation to the Portuguese context. The findings indicate a growing acceptance of conscription among young people, particularly when implemented through flexible models that combine military service with civic service components — a hybrid model. This shift reflects changing perceptions of national security, an evolving political discourse, and economic factors impacting the labour market and youth employment. The proposed model provides a structured foundation for public policy decisions aimed at implementing a flexible and adaptable conscription system, incorporating the most advantageous elements of the international examples analysed.
Description
Keywords
Serviço militar Juventude Conscrição OTAN Sociedade Portuguesa Conscription Military Service Portuguese Society Youth