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A uberização e as novas formas das relações laborais: uma análise a partir da perspetiva dos trabalhadores
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As transformações recentes no mundo do trabalho, impulsionadas pela globalização, pela revolução digital e pela expansão das plataformas tecnológicas, têm desafiado as formas tradicionais de emprego e as estruturas clássicas do direto laboral. A emergência da economia de plataforma e, particularmente da uberização, traduzem-se num novo paradigma na organização e mediação do trabalho, em que a tecnologia assume um papel central na gestão e controlo da atividade. Face esta rutura de ideais, torna-se importante compreender de que forma o trabalho mediado por plataformas digitais está a transformar as relações laborais e a
redefinir o papel dos trabalhadores, as condições de exercício da atividade e as dinâmicas de autonomia e dependência que caracterizam este modelo. A reflexão incide não só sobre as condições objetivas do trabalho, mas também sobre o modo como os profissionais vivem e interpretam o seu quotidiano, procurando entender as implicações e perceções associadas a este modelo e o seu enquadramento na moldura jurídica e social do trabalho. O estudo seguiu uma abordagem qualitativa, com base em entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas a motoristas TDVE e estafetas, analisadas segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Através desta metodologia foi possível captar as experiências, vivências e perspetivas dos trabalhadores, revelando a diversidade de sentidos que atribuem à sua atividade. Os resultados apontam para uma realidade plural e profundamente ambígua, onde vivem discursos que oscilam entre a valorização da autonomia e o reconhecimento da vulnerabilidade. Para muitos, o trabalho uberizado representa a possibilidade de gerir o próprio tempo e conquistar alguma liberdade na construção do seu percurso profissional. Para outros, traduz um quotidiano instável, desprotegido e dependente de algoritmos que controlam o ritmo e os rendimentos. Destas experiências, surge uma zona cinzenta onde liberdade e subordinação se entrelaçam e onde o trabalho assume novos significados, revelando tanto o desejo de emancipação individual, como as fragilidades estruturais que caracterizam o emprego contemporâneo. Esta dualidade torna-se ainda mais evidente quando se observam as diferenças entre motoristas TVDE e estafetas – enquanto os primeiros beneficiam de algum enquadramento legal, os segundos continuam num cenário de maior desproteção e ausência
de regulamentação. É neste espaço de contradições que o trabalho ganha novos contornos, entre a promessa de liberdade e a persistência de precariedade, exigindo um olhar atento sobre as condições que definem o que hoje significa trabalhar
Recent transformations in the world of work, driven by globalization, the digital revolution and the expansion of digital platforms, have challenged traditional forms of employment and the classical structures of labour law. The rise of the platform economy, and particularly of uberization, represents a new paradigm in the organization and mediation of work, where technology plays a central role in the management and algorithmic control of labour. In this context, it becomes essential to understand how platform-mediated work reshaping labour relations is and redefining the role of workers, the conditions under which they perform their activity, and the dynamics of autonomy and dependence that characterize this model. The analysis focuses not only on the objective conditions of work but also on how professionals experience and interpret their everyday lives, seeking to grasp the implications and perceptions associated with this model and its place within the broader legal and social framework of work. The study adopted a qualitative approach, based on semi-structured interviews conducted with TVDE drivers and delivery couriers in Portugal, analysed through the technique of content analysis. This methodology made it possible to capture workers’ experiences, perceptions and perspectives, revealing the diversity of meanings they attribute to their activity. The findings reveal a plural and ambiguous reality, where narratives oscillate between the valorisation of autonomy and the awareness of vulnerability. For many, uberizedwork embodies the possibility of managing one’s own time and attaining a sense of freedom in shaping a professional path. For others, it reflects an unstable and unprotected daily life, marked by dependence on algorithms that determine work rhythms and income. From these experiences emerges a grey area where freedom and subordination intertwine, and where work acquires new meanings that express both the desire for individual emancipation and the structural fragilities of contemporary employment. This duality becomes even more visible when comparing TVDE drivers and couriers: while the former benefit from a specific legal framework that offers some contractual stability, the latter remain exposed to greater vulnerability and a persistent lack of regulation. It is within this space of contradictions that contemporary work takes shape, between the promise of freedom and the persistence of precarity, calling for a critical reflection on the conditions that define what it means to work today
Recent transformations in the world of work, driven by globalization, the digital revolution and the expansion of digital platforms, have challenged traditional forms of employment and the classical structures of labour law. The rise of the platform economy, and particularly of uberization, represents a new paradigm in the organization and mediation of work, where technology plays a central role in the management and algorithmic control of labour. In this context, it becomes essential to understand how platform-mediated work reshaping labour relations is and redefining the role of workers, the conditions under which they perform their activity, and the dynamics of autonomy and dependence that characterize this model. The analysis focuses not only on the objective conditions of work but also on how professionals experience and interpret their everyday lives, seeking to grasp the implications and perceptions associated with this model and its place within the broader legal and social framework of work. The study adopted a qualitative approach, based on semi-structured interviews conducted with TVDE drivers and delivery couriers in Portugal, analysed through the technique of content analysis. This methodology made it possible to capture workers’ experiences, perceptions and perspectives, revealing the diversity of meanings they attribute to their activity. The findings reveal a plural and ambiguous reality, where narratives oscillate between the valorisation of autonomy and the awareness of vulnerability. For many, uberizedwork embodies the possibility of managing one’s own time and attaining a sense of freedom in shaping a professional path. For others, it reflects an unstable and unprotected daily life, marked by dependence on algorithms that determine work rhythms and income. From these experiences emerges a grey area where freedom and subordination intertwine, and where work acquires new meanings that express both the desire for individual emancipation and the structural fragilities of contemporary employment. This duality becomes even more visible when comparing TVDE drivers and couriers: while the former benefit from a specific legal framework that offers some contractual stability, the latter remain exposed to greater vulnerability and a persistent lack of regulation. It is within this space of contradictions that contemporary work takes shape, between the promise of freedom and the persistence of precarity, calling for a critical reflection on the conditions that define what it means to work today
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Keywords
Economia de plataformas Uberização Relações laborais Subordinação algorítmica Platform economy Uberization Labour relations Algorithmic subordination