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A prova por reconhecimento no processo penal: do reconhecimento fotográfico ao reconhecimento pessoal
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Abstract(s)
O reconhecimento de pessoas no âmbito do processo penal tem sido alvo de muita controvérsia devido à sua fragilidade e sobre valoração, mas também por ser responsável pela condenação de um número significativo de inocentes, conforme consta nas conclusões de um estudo desenvolvido nos Estados Unidos da América pelo Innocent Project. Esta falibilidade deve-se em grande parte à influência de um conjunto de fatores, intrínsecos e extrínsecos, que afetam o processo mnésico e a perceção da testemunha ocular, manifestando-se no momento em que se realiza o reconhecimento.
O legislador, na alteração do CPP de 2007, introduziu a possibilidade da realização do reconhecimento fotográfico, embora sujeitando-o a uma espécie de validação através de um reconhecimento presencial, para que possa ser valorado como meio de prova, desvalorizando a influência desse reconhecimento prévio, no resultado do reconhecimento presencial.
A criação de um manual de procedimentos (soft law), complementares aos formalismos legais previstos no CPP são essenciais para a valoração do reconhecimento fotográfico enquanto meio de prova.
People’s recognition of penal procedure has been the subject of much controversy due to its weakness and overvaluation, being responsible for the conviction of a significant number of innocents, as stated in the conclusions of a study developed in the United States of America by the Innocent Project. This lack of reliability is mainly due to the influence of a group of factors, intrinsic and extrinsic, that affect the memory process and the perception of the eyewitness, expressing itself in the moment of the recognition. In 2007 the legislator reviewed the penal procedure code, and introduced the possibility of photographic recognition, although subjected to validation by a personal recognition so that it can be valued as evidence, underestimating the influence of a previous recognition, conducted in unknown circumstances, in the result of personal recognition. The creation of a procedure’s manual (soft law), in addition to the penal procedure code legal formalism, is essential to the valuation of photo recognition as evidence.
People’s recognition of penal procedure has been the subject of much controversy due to its weakness and overvaluation, being responsible for the conviction of a significant number of innocents, as stated in the conclusions of a study developed in the United States of America by the Innocent Project. This lack of reliability is mainly due to the influence of a group of factors, intrinsic and extrinsic, that affect the memory process and the perception of the eyewitness, expressing itself in the moment of the recognition. In 2007 the legislator reviewed the penal procedure code, and introduced the possibility of photographic recognition, although subjected to validation by a personal recognition so that it can be valued as evidence, underestimating the influence of a previous recognition, conducted in unknown circumstances, in the result of personal recognition. The creation of a procedure’s manual (soft law), in addition to the penal procedure code legal formalism, is essential to the valuation of photo recognition as evidence.
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Keywords
memória perceção prova reconhecimento memory perception proof recognition