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A classificação dos gases químicos e a sua implicação no Corpo Expedicionário Português
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Abstract(s)
Em 22 de abril de 1915, os alemães atacaram as forças aliadas, no saliente de Ypres,
fazendo uso de um gás asfixiante. Utilizaram cloro em quantidades nunca antes vistas no
campo de batalha. O resultado foi catastrófico para as tropas aliadas que não estavam
preparadas para se defenderem desta nova arma na frente de combate. O emprego de novos
agentes químicos mais letais foi-se desenvolvendo ao longo do conflito. Os ingleses e os
franceses foram classificando estes agentes químicos consoante os seus efeitos fisiológicos
nas vítimas. Os alemães, por seu lado, foram agrupando os agentes químicos consoante os
efeitos pretendidos no campo de batalha, tendo em atenção a duração dos seus efeitos e o
seu poder letal. Esta divisão alemã foi devidamente incorporada na sua tática. A doutrina
alemã foi-se desenvolvendo ao longo do conflito e o lançamento de compostos químicos
pela artilharia alemã na fase de preparação do ataque passou a ser um procedimento
no campo de batalha. O apoio de fogos da artilharia à suas tropas de assalto recorria ao
emprego criterioso de granadas com químicos com vista a atingirem determinados efeitos
nas linhas defensivas dos aliados. Esta doutrina foi amplamente usada nas ofensivas alemãs
da primavera de 1918. O Corpo Expedicionário Português (CEP) foi vítima daquela tática de
emprego de gases de guerra na Batalha de la Lys de abril de 1918. As tropas portuguesas
estavam na Flandres desde 1917 mas tinham tido apenas pequenos combates antes da primavera de 1918. Utilizavam a doutrina dos britânicos relativamente à guerra química e
tiveram de lidar com uma nova abordagem de emprego de agentes químicos no campo de
batalha por parte dos alemães.
On the 22nd of April 1915, the Germans attacked the Allied forces at Ypres salient, making use of an asphyxiating gas. Chlorine was used in quantities never seen before on the battlefield. The result was catastrophic for the Allied troops who were unprepared to defend themselves against this new weapon at the front. The development of new more lethal chemical agents was running over the conflict. The British and the French were sorting these chemical agents according to their physiological effects on the victims. The Germans have been grouping the chemical agents according to the desired effects on the battlefield. The duration of contamination and the chemical agent lethal power were factors to group the different warfare chemical agents. This German classification was incorporated in their tactics. The German doctrine was developed throughout the conflict and the release of chemical compounds by German artillery in the preparation phase of the attack began to be a procedure on the battlefield. Artillery fire support to the assault troops employed grenades filled with chemicals in order to achieve certain effects in the Allied defensive lines. This doctrine was widely used in the German 1918 spring offensives. The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP) was a victim of that gas warfare tactics at the battle of La Lys in April 1918. The Portuguese troops were in Flanders since 1917 but had had only minor fights before the spring of 1918. They used the British doctrine on how to defend against chemical warfare. During the spring offensive of 1918, they faced this new approach of chemical warfare by the Germans.
On the 22nd of April 1915, the Germans attacked the Allied forces at Ypres salient, making use of an asphyxiating gas. Chlorine was used in quantities never seen before on the battlefield. The result was catastrophic for the Allied troops who were unprepared to defend themselves against this new weapon at the front. The development of new more lethal chemical agents was running over the conflict. The British and the French were sorting these chemical agents according to their physiological effects on the victims. The Germans have been grouping the chemical agents according to the desired effects on the battlefield. The duration of contamination and the chemical agent lethal power were factors to group the different warfare chemical agents. This German classification was incorporated in their tactics. The German doctrine was developed throughout the conflict and the release of chemical compounds by German artillery in the preparation phase of the attack began to be a procedure on the battlefield. Artillery fire support to the assault troops employed grenades filled with chemicals in order to achieve certain effects in the Allied defensive lines. This doctrine was widely used in the German 1918 spring offensives. The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP) was a victim of that gas warfare tactics at the battle of La Lys in April 1918. The Portuguese troops were in Flanders since 1917 but had had only minor fights before the spring of 1918. They used the British doctrine on how to defend against chemical warfare. During the spring offensive of 1918, they faced this new approach of chemical warfare by the Germans.
Description
Keywords
Corpo Expedicionário Português Guerra química Classificação dos agentes químicos Batalha de La Lys Bruchmüller Portuguese Expeditionary Corps Chemical Warfare Chemical Agents Classification Battle of La Lys