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Monitorização e gestão de energia em sistemas de armazenamento com baterias: desenvolvimento de um Gateway ESP32
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A transição energética trouxe uma transformação significativa ao setor, marcada pelo aumento das fontes de energia renovável, principalmente da energia solar e eólica, que se vieram juntar à energia hídrica. Este crescimento repentino trouxe novos desafios e dificuldades, nomeadamente a intermitência da produção, que exige soluções para garantir a estabilidade das redes elétricas. Nesse contexto, os sistemas de armazenamento de energia em baterias (BESS) foram desenvolvidos e assumem atualmente um papel fundamental na estabilização e otimização das redes elétricas, permitindo a introdução de técnicas de gestão de energia, nomeadamente, o aproveitamento da energia gerada em períodos de menor consumo e o seu uso em momentos de maior procura ou preços elevados. No entanto, o rápido crescimento dos BESS tornou cada vez mais relevante a monitorização e gestão remota destes sistemas. Esta dissertação propõe o desenvolvimento de um gateway com capacidade de recolha e manipulação de registos internos em diferentes protocolos de comunicação, nomeadamente Modbus RTU e Modbus TCP/IP, bem como o seu envio para um broker MQTT, de forma a facilitar a troca de informação e o acompanhamento remoto do desempenho dos diversos
equipamentos. Neste contexto, vão ser apresentados os processos de desenvolvimento, construção e testes deste gateway. O dispositivo desenvolvido baseia-se num microcontrolador ESP32 de baixo custo, podendo ser utilizado com sistemas compatíveis com um dos protocolos de comunicação Modbus RTU ou Modbus TCP/IP. Este é configurável por software necessitando apenas de realizar pequenos ajustes na programação. Por fim, são explicados os motivos das escolhas das tecnologias, tanto a nível
de hardware como de software, bem como a escolha dos testes realizados de forma a validar as ferramentas deste dispositivo desenvolvido. Apesar dos resultados positivos dos testes, foi possível identificar algumas limitações do sistema, no entanto também surgiram ideias para trabalhos futuros, de forma a dar continuidade a este projeto.
The energy transition has brought significant transformation to the sector, marked by the increase in renewable energy sources, especially solar and wind power, which have come to complement hydropower. This rapid growth has brought new challenges, especially the intermittency of production, which requires solutions to ensure the stability of electrical grids. In this context, battery energy storage systems (BESS) have been developed and currently play a fundamental role in stabilizing and optimizing electrical networks, enabling energy management techniques, such as storing energy generated during periods of low consumption for use during periods of higher demand or elevated prices. However, the rapid expansion of BESS has made the remote monitoring and management of these systems increasingly important. This dissertation proposes the development of a gateway capable of collecting and manipulating internal registers across different communication protocols, namely Modbus RTU and Modbus TCP/IP, as well as transmitting the data to an MQTT broker, in order of facilitate the information exchange and remote monitoring of equipment performance. In this context, the processes of development, implementation, and testing of this gateway are presented. The developed device is based on a low-cost ESP32 microcontroller and can be used with systems compatible with either the Modbus RTU or Modbus TCP/IP communication protocols. This is software-configurable, requiring only minor programming adjustments for integration. Finally, the reasons behind the chosen technologies are explained, both in terms of hardware and software, as well as the selection of tests performed to validate the functionality of the developed device. Despite the positive test results, some system limitations were identified, however, ideas for future work are also proposed to allow the continuation of this project.
The energy transition has brought significant transformation to the sector, marked by the increase in renewable energy sources, especially solar and wind power, which have come to complement hydropower. This rapid growth has brought new challenges, especially the intermittency of production, which requires solutions to ensure the stability of electrical grids. In this context, battery energy storage systems (BESS) have been developed and currently play a fundamental role in stabilizing and optimizing electrical networks, enabling energy management techniques, such as storing energy generated during periods of low consumption for use during periods of higher demand or elevated prices. However, the rapid expansion of BESS has made the remote monitoring and management of these systems increasingly important. This dissertation proposes the development of a gateway capable of collecting and manipulating internal registers across different communication protocols, namely Modbus RTU and Modbus TCP/IP, as well as transmitting the data to an MQTT broker, in order of facilitate the information exchange and remote monitoring of equipment performance. In this context, the processes of development, implementation, and testing of this gateway are presented. The developed device is based on a low-cost ESP32 microcontroller and can be used with systems compatible with either the Modbus RTU or Modbus TCP/IP communication protocols. This is software-configurable, requiring only minor programming adjustments for integration. Finally, the reasons behind the chosen technologies are explained, both in terms of hardware and software, as well as the selection of tests performed to validate the functionality of the developed device. Despite the positive test results, some system limitations were identified, however, ideas for future work are also proposed to allow the continuation of this project.
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Palavras-chave
Transição energética BESS Modbus RTU Modbus TCP ESP32 Monitorização remota Energy transition Remote monitoring