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Não obstante o número de estudos dos métodos de navegação antigos, não existe nenhum sobre a evolução histórica dos métodos da determinação da latitude por observação de alturas extrameridianas do Sol, entre o século XVI e o século XIX.
Nesta dissertação de mestrado descrevemos, analisámos e comparámos a teoria, os processos práticos, e os instrumentos utilizados para os métodos descritos por Pedro Nunes em Tratado da Esfera, Valentim Estancel em Tiphys Lusitano [...], Militão da Mata em O Destro Observador [...], e Peregrino Leitão em Guia Nautica [...], que tiveram lugar respetivamente nos séculos XVI, XVII, XVIII e XIX.
Resumimos a biografia de cada autor para explicar em que contexto foram escritas as obras e clarificar quais as áreas de estudo, bem como quais as experiências de mar de cada um, antes de escreverem a respetiva obra.
Concluímos que no decorrer dos quatro séculos há diferenças na teoria para a conceção dos métodos, impulsionadas pelo progresso da matemática. Deixa de ser necessária a conceção de métodos mecânicos, descritos nas obras dos primeiros dois autores analisados, resultado da formação dos indivíduos e da facilidade de cálculo exigida nos últimos métodos estudados. Constatámos ainda, semelhanças nos métodos de Pedro Nunes e Valentim Estancel, tal como nos métodos de Militão da Mata e Peregrino Leitão.
Despite several studies have already been done on ancient navigation methods, there is no study on the historical evolution of the methods for determining the latitude by observing extra-meridian heights of the Sun between 16th and 19th centuries. In this master’s thesis we describe, analyse, and compare the theory, the practical processes and the instruments developed and used for the methods described by: Pedro Nunes in Tratado da Esfera, Valentim Estancel in Tiphys Lusitano [...], Militão da Mata in O Destro Observador [...] and Peregrino Leitão in Guia Nautica [...], that arose in the XVI, XVII, XVIII and XIX centuries, respectively. We summarize each author’s biography to explain the context in which the works were done; and clarify which areas of study, as well as which sea experiences each author had, before writing the respective work. We conclude that over the four centuries there have been differences in the theory for the conception of the methods, driven by the progress of mathematics. It is no longer necessary to design mechanical methods as described in the works of the first two authors analysed, because of the instruction of individuals and the ease of calculation required in the last methods studied. We also found similarities in the methods of Pedro Nunes and Valentim Estancel, as well as in the methods of Militão da Mata and Peregrino Leitão.
Despite several studies have already been done on ancient navigation methods, there is no study on the historical evolution of the methods for determining the latitude by observing extra-meridian heights of the Sun between 16th and 19th centuries. In this master’s thesis we describe, analyse, and compare the theory, the practical processes and the instruments developed and used for the methods described by: Pedro Nunes in Tratado da Esfera, Valentim Estancel in Tiphys Lusitano [...], Militão da Mata in O Destro Observador [...] and Peregrino Leitão in Guia Nautica [...], that arose in the XVI, XVII, XVIII and XIX centuries, respectively. We summarize each author’s biography to explain the context in which the works were done; and clarify which areas of study, as well as which sea experiences each author had, before writing the respective work. We conclude that over the four centuries there have been differences in the theory for the conception of the methods, driven by the progress of mathematics. It is no longer necessary to design mechanical methods as described in the works of the first two authors analysed, because of the instruction of individuals and the ease of calculation required in the last methods studied. We also found similarities in the methods of Pedro Nunes and Valentim Estancel, as well as in the methods of Militão da Mata and Peregrino Leitão.
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Pedro Nunes Valentim Estancel Militão da Mata Peregrino Leitão Navegação Astronómica