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Conflito Russo-Ucraniano
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| 7.12 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
Atualmente, o conflito Russo-Ucraniano representa um dos maiores desafios à ordem internacional. Contudo, não pode ser compreendido apenas como um fenómeno isolado no presente: trata-se de uma disputa com raízes históricas profundas, associadas à ambição russa de obter acesso a mares de águas quentes, fruto dos seus condicionalismos geográficos. Desde o período imperial, a expansão para sul e a consolidação da presença no Mar Negro foram considerados objetivos estratégicos vitais, tanto para a defesa do território como para a projeção de poder e a afirmação da Rússia no sistema internacional.
A península da Crimeia simboliza essa continuidade histórica e, pela sua posição geoestratégica, tornou-se o centro de gravidade do conflito, na sua componente naval. A sua anexação em 2014 não constituiu um episódio isolado, mas antes a reafirmação de uma lógica expansionista de longa duração, que o Kremlin procura legitimar através de uma narrativa histórica instrumentalizada, apresentando a agressão como uma “retomada” natural e não uma violação da soberania ucraniana e das normas internacionais. Neste enquadramento, a Ucrânia ficou privada da sua principal base naval e de grande parte da sua frota, passando a enfrentar um desequilíbrio estrutural face à superioridade da Frota do Mar Negro. Estas limitações levaram a Ucrânia a edificar uma estratégia naval defensiva, baseada no conceito de sea denial, através do desenvolvimento de meios assimétricos e inovadores que lhe permitem contestar a superioridade naval russa e garantir a defesa dos seus interesses no Mar Negro.
Currently, the Russo-Ukrainian conflict represents one of the greatest challenges to the international order. However, it cannot be understood merely as an isolated phenomenon of the present: it is a dispute with deep historical roots, linked to Russia’s ambition to gain access to warm-water seas, a result of its geographic constraints. Since the imperial period, southward expansion and the consolidation of Russia’s presence in the Black Sea have been considered vital strategic goals, both for territorial defense and for the projection of power and Russia´s affirmation within the international system. The Crimean Peninsula symbolizes this historical continuity and, due to its geostrategic position, has become the center of gravity of the conflict in its naval dimension. Its annexation in 2014 did not constitute an isolated episode, but rather the reaffirmation of a long-standing expansionist logic, which the Kremlin seeks to legitimize through an instrumentalized historical narrative, portraying the aggression as a “natural return” rather than a violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and international norms. In this context, Ukraine was deprived of its main naval base and most of its fleet, facing a structural imbalance in relation to the superiority of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. These limitations led Ukraine to develop a defensive naval strategy, based on the concept of sea denial, through the creation of asymmetric and innovative means that allow it to contest Russian naval superiority and safeguard its interests in the Black Sea.
Currently, the Russo-Ukrainian conflict represents one of the greatest challenges to the international order. However, it cannot be understood merely as an isolated phenomenon of the present: it is a dispute with deep historical roots, linked to Russia’s ambition to gain access to warm-water seas, a result of its geographic constraints. Since the imperial period, southward expansion and the consolidation of Russia’s presence in the Black Sea have been considered vital strategic goals, both for territorial defense and for the projection of power and Russia´s affirmation within the international system. The Crimean Peninsula symbolizes this historical continuity and, due to its geostrategic position, has become the center of gravity of the conflict in its naval dimension. Its annexation in 2014 did not constitute an isolated episode, but rather the reaffirmation of a long-standing expansionist logic, which the Kremlin seeks to legitimize through an instrumentalized historical narrative, portraying the aggression as a “natural return” rather than a violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and international norms. In this context, Ukraine was deprived of its main naval base and most of its fleet, facing a structural imbalance in relation to the superiority of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. These limitations led Ukraine to develop a defensive naval strategy, based on the concept of sea denial, through the creation of asymmetric and innovative means that allow it to contest Russian naval superiority and safeguard its interests in the Black Sea.
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Keywords
Conflito Russo-Ucraniano Crimeia; Estratégia naval Mar Negro Sea denial Black Sea Crimea Naval strategy Russo-Ukrainian conflict