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Schengen e segurança europeia: a crise de migrantes como ameaça à liberdade de circulação na união europeia
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Abstract(s)
O ano de 2015 ficou marcado por uma crise migratória que agitou a Europa e os países do Médio Oriente e que colocou vários desafios à União Europeia. Por um lado, fez questionar a liberdade de circulação e a eliminação de fronteiras internas, prejudicando o compromisso dos Estados-membros com o Acordo Schengen. Para isso, muito contribuíram os recentes ataques terroristas nas principais cidades europeias, levando à intensificação da necessidade de uma segurança mais estrita nas fronteiras e à reposição de controlos temporários nas fronteiras internas.
Por outro lado, o volume e a complexidade da entrada de migrantes instalaram uma grande tensão sobre o sistema de asilo. Alguns países, com a Grécia e a Itália, atingiram um ponto de rutura na capacidade de gestão destes fluxos, sobretudo no cumprimento dos padrões da União Europeia no que toca ao processamento dos indivíduos. O problema é exacerbado pela diversidade de categorias de migrantes, uma vez que, embora uma grande parte busque asilo na Europa, outros tentam entrar ilegalmente no território, o que por sua vez desencadeia novas ameaças securitárias.
Ao longo deste estudo pretendemos dar resposta à pergunta: Em que medida as liberdades de circulação reunidas no espaço Schengen, e os presentes fluxos de migrantes, afetam a segurança no continente europeu?
Para tal, procuramos relacionar estes desafios securitários e questionar a efetividade dos mecanismos Schengen – no controlo da crise migratória, e as suas repercussões na coesão social e cultural europeia –, bem como da eficácia policial e judiciária no âmbito da Segurança Interna da União Europeia.
The year of 2015 was marked by a migratory crisis that shook Europe and the countries of the Middle East and that created several challenges for the European Union. On one hand, it called into question the freedom of movement and the elimination of internal borders, undermining the commitment of the Member States to the Schengen Agreement. Hence, the recent terrorist attacks in the major European cities had a huge contribute, leading to an intensification of the need for stricter border security and the temporary replacement of controls at internal borders. On the other hand, the volume and complexity of the entry of migrants have created a big pressure on the asylum system. Some countries, such as Greece and Italy, reached a breaking point in the management capacity of these flows, especially in compliance with the European Union's standards for processing individuals. The problem is exacerbated by the categories of migrants’ diversity, since a large part seeks asylum in Europe, others try to enter in the territory illegally, which in turn triggers new security threats. Throughout this study we intend to answer the question: To what extent do freedoms of movement in the Schengen area, and the present flows of migrants, affect the security on the European continent? For such purpose, we seek to relate these security challenges and to question the effectiveness of the Schengen mechanisms – in controlling the migratory crisis and its repercussions on European social and cultural cohesion –, as well as on police and judicial efficiency in the context of the European Union’s Internal Security.
The year of 2015 was marked by a migratory crisis that shook Europe and the countries of the Middle East and that created several challenges for the European Union. On one hand, it called into question the freedom of movement and the elimination of internal borders, undermining the commitment of the Member States to the Schengen Agreement. Hence, the recent terrorist attacks in the major European cities had a huge contribute, leading to an intensification of the need for stricter border security and the temporary replacement of controls at internal borders. On the other hand, the volume and complexity of the entry of migrants have created a big pressure on the asylum system. Some countries, such as Greece and Italy, reached a breaking point in the management capacity of these flows, especially in compliance with the European Union's standards for processing individuals. The problem is exacerbated by the categories of migrants’ diversity, since a large part seeks asylum in Europe, others try to enter in the territory illegally, which in turn triggers new security threats. Throughout this study we intend to answer the question: To what extent do freedoms of movement in the Schengen area, and the present flows of migrants, affect the security on the European continent? For such purpose, we seek to relate these security challenges and to question the effectiveness of the Schengen mechanisms – in controlling the migratory crisis and its repercussions on European social and cultural cohesion –, as well as on police and judicial efficiency in the context of the European Union’s Internal Security.
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Keywords
Polícia de Segurança Pública União Europeia Segurança Schengen Migração Fronteiras