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- Inspecting the performance of neutral players in different small-sided gamesPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Mendes, Rui; Campos, FranciscoThe aim of this study was to inspect the effects of format and task conditions on neutral players' heart rate responses and time-motion characteristics. Four formats of play using neutral players and three task conditions were inspected. Moreover, the factor repetition (3 games per each SSG) was also analysed. Ten male amateur soccer players (26.36 ± 5.33 years old, 8 ± 3.2 years of practice, 66.18 ± 10.16 bpm at rest) participated in this study. The repeated measured revealed that no differences were found between repetitions (Pillai's Trace = .075; F 8, 100 = 1.007; p-value = .436; = .075; Power = .445; small effect size). In the game 1 significant interaction effects between the two factors on heart rate responses and time-motion profiles were observed (Pillai's Trace = 0.699; F 24,428 = 3.774; p-value = .001; = .175; Power = 1.000; moderate effect size). In the game 2 , significant interaction effects between the two factors on heart rate responses and time-motion profiles were observed (Pillai's Trace = .712; F 24,428 = 3.860; p-value = .001; = .178; Power = 1.000; moderate effect size). Finally, in the game 3 significant interaction effects between the two factors on heart rate responses and time-motion profiles were observed (Pillai's Trace = .729; F 24,428 = 3.972; p-value = .001; = .182; Power = 1.000; moderate effect size). Briefly, it was possible to conclude that the biggest formats statistically increased the heart rate responses and time-motion characteristics of neutral players. It was also possible to observe that the mean values of heart rate responses found in neutral players throughout small-sided games were appropriated to very light or recovery workouts.
- The usefulness of small-sided games on soccer trainingPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; Couceiro, Micael; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Mendes, RuiThe specificity of collective sports training has evolved to adapt according to ecology stimuli inherent to the sport. In this sense, the coaches have adopted exercises based on the game, designated by small-sided games. In football practice this type of exercises triggers very receptivity on the part of coaches. In this sense, this paper analyzes the relevance of this type of exercise and as may be appropriate depending on the specific needs of the players. Task constraints as field dimensions, number of players for exercises or objectives of the task showed effects on physiological and technical variables of the players. Consequently this article will examine through a literature review, the effects related to the task constraints in order to emphasize the massive relevance of smallsided soccer games.
- Developing aerobic and anaerobic fitness using small-sided soccer games : methodological proposalsPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Mendes, RuiSOCCER COACHES HAVE BEEN INCREASING THE USE OF SMALL-SIDED GAMES IN SOCCER TRAINING. THESE SMALL-SIDED GAMES SHOW A SIMILAR EFFICIENCY AS TRADITIONAL RUNNING METHODS (WITHOUT THE USE OF A BALL) IN DEVELOPING PHYSICAL FITNESS IN SOCCER PLAYERS. MOREOVER, SMALL-SIDED GAMES ENABLE THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH TECHNICAL SKILLS AND TACTICAL ACTIONS. HOWEVER, THERE IS LITTLE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE PROPER ORGANIZATION THAT IS NECESSARY FOR SMALL-SIDED GAMES TO ACHIEVE THE DESIRED EFFECTS IN SOCCER PLAYERS. THIS REVIEW AIMS TO SUMMARIZE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON SOCCER PLAYERS PROMOTED BY SMALL-SIDED GAMES AND TO DEVELOP A METHODOLOGICAL SCHEMATIZATION FOR ORGANIZING SMALL-SIDED GAMES.
- Analysis of physiological, technical, and tactical analysis during a friendly football match of elite U19Publication . Ortega, Juan Ignacio; Evangelio, Carlos; Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; González-Víllora, SixtoThe main objective was to analyze a friendly match of youth elite soccer players identifying the variance of tactical and physiological response parameters during the game. In addition, detecting the impact of both halves on player performance. For the purposes of this study twenty-two U19 players were analyzed playing 11v11. Activity profile, heart rate (HR and HRmax), grouped in five different zones were analyzed via Bluetooth technology, technical performance was analyzed by the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP), and tactical performance was measured by Social Network Analysis. A comparison of heart rate responses showed significant main effects in the halves (p = 0.001; η 2 p = 0.623). A comparison between tactical position and technical performance had significant main effects (p = 0.001; η 2 p = 0.390). Tactical position showed statistically significant effects on tactical prominence (p = 0.002; η 2 p = 0.296). Therefore, fatigue is a component distinguished in technical/tactical parameters, such as volume of play and efficiency index. Results suggest that fatigue effects may constrain technical performance and, for that reason, the use of instruments to monitor the fatigue effect during matches may be suggested.
- Developing a tactical metric to estimate the defensive area of soccer teams : the defensive play areaPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Couceiro, Micael; Mendes, Rui; Figueiredo, António J.This study proposes a computational method to inspect the tactical position of players during the match and a new metric to analyse the defensive pressure made by a soccer team. These metrics only require Cartesian information about the players’ positions on the field. As a case study, three matches played by the same professional soccer team were considered, including variables computed for the half of the match (first half vs second half) and the final score of the game for an analysis of variance of tactical performance, trying to identify the influence of such variables on the collective organisation. The data were collected at 1 Hz and from this process, 9218 instances of useful time were collected. The results revealed that the different kinds of final scores had significant effects on the tactical performance. The comparison between two halves of the match revealed significant differences with a small effect size on tactical performance. In summary, this study showed that these new tactical metrics can be a computational option to increase a coaches’ knowledge about the defensive organisation of soccer teams, giving them the possibility to augment their own perception with metrics that can provide specific information.
- Differences in U14 football players’ performance between different small-sided conditioned gamesPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; Wong, Del. P; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Mendes, RuiThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of different formats and task conditions in small-sided conditioned games (SSCG) on young soccer players’ heart rate responses and time-motion profiles. Ten young male soccer players (age: 14.6 ± 0.8 years old; and years of practice: 4 ± 1.2) from a regional league were tested. Each player played in two different formats namely 1 versus 1 with another 1 neutral player (i.e., 1v1+1) and 2 versus 2 with another 1 neutral player (i.e., 2v2+1), and three task conditions (T1 – no goal, T2 – no goal but endline, T3 – goal. Each SSCG lasted for 3 minutes with 3 minutes of passive recovery between SSCG. The heart rate responses, distance coverage, speed and acceleration were recorded throughout all SSCG. Results show that the format (F(4,5403) = 509.025; p-value = 0.001; = 0.274; Power = 1.000; moderate effect size) and task conditions (F(8,10808) = 33.714; p-value = 0.001; = 0.024; Power = 1.000; small effect size) were both significant factors on performance variables. The different formats and task conditions used in this study enable coaches to carry out a more specific training, helping them to understand the real effects of each variable on players’ performance.
- Periodization based on small-sided soccer games : theoretical considerationsPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Mendes, RuiSmall-sided games are training activities based on the official game. These games are usually used in soccer training to develop elements of physiological, physical, technical and tactical performance. In the last decade, many studies have been carried out to investigate the influence of small-sided games on physiological responses. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to analyze the physiological effects or provide methodological considerations for training periodization. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the general effects of small-sided games in terms of physiological responses. As a result a small review was developed to consider some methodological considerations to implement in soccer training. Finally, an example was proposed of a week spent carrying out soccer microcycles and orientations in order to adopt small-sided games for each session.
- The influence of task constraints on attecker trajectories during 1v1 sub-phases in soccer praticePublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; Couceiro, Micael; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Dias, Gonçalo; Mendes, RuiThe task constraints are prevalent elements used by coaches to train their players in sports training (Araújo, 2006; Newel, 1986). The scope of this study focuses on the analysis of spatial occupation of the attacking player in the practice space, when subjected to certain instructional constraints, on 1v1 soccer sub-phase. This study analyzed 11 soccer players (17.91 ± 1.04 years old) with 8.60 ± 1.52 years of practice. The heat maps presented differences on the occupied field surface in the various practice conditions. The analysis of variance of the duration of the offensive attempt also presented statistical differences within the various practice conditions (F(2, 327) = 30.776; p = .01). Results suggest that in risk situations the attacker tends to promote the space-time symmetry. On the other hand, when the instruction to keep the ball was given, unlike the risk constraint, there was a lateralization of the action, increasing the variability and dispersion of the attacker’s trajectories. This study demonstrated the relevance of manipulating instructional constraints.
- Using network metrics in soccer : a macro-analysisPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; Couceiro, Micael; M. L. Martins, Fernando; Mendes, RuiThe aim of this study was to propose a set of network methods to measure the specific properties of a team. These metrics were organised at macro-analysis levels. The interactions between teammates were collected and then processed following the analysis levels herein announced. Overall, 577 offensive plays were analysed from five matches. The network density showed an ambiguous relationship among the team, mainly during the 2nd half. The mean values of density for all matches were 0.48 in the 1st half, 0.32 in the 2nd half and 0.34 for the whole match. The heterogeneity coefficient for the overall matches rounded to 0.47 and it was also observed that this increased in all matches in the 2nd half. The centralisation values showed that there was no ‘star topology’. The results suggest that each node (i.e., each player) had nearly the same connectivity, mainly in the 1st half. Nevertheless, the values increased in the 2nd half, showing a decreasing participation of all players at the same level. Briefly, these metrics showed that it is possible to identify how players connect with each other and the kind and strength of the connections between them. In summary, it may be concluded that network metrics can be a powerful tool to help coaches understand team’s specific properties and support decision-making to improve the sports training process based on match analysis.
- Soccer teams behaviors : analysis if the team distribution in function to ball possessionPublication . Manuel Clemente, Filipe; Couceiro, Micael; M. L. Martins, FernandoInnovative tools to soccer analysis are the main concern of the sport performance analysts. Considering team players occupation as one of the fundamental characteristics of soccer success, is too important generate new systems to interpret the post-match reality. These systems must be easy for the coach's applications. Thus, this study proposes an easy tool to understand the team’s collective behaviour in function to their ball possession status. Through the histograms of all team players will be possible understand the most occupied areas by each team, trying understand possible tendencies in the moments with and without ball possession. Were analyzed two teams during an official soccer match, collecting their positions at each instant. Using this tracking was possible perform two heat maps by each team, representing the moments with and without ball possession. Through this method was possible analyze different collective behaviors and explain how could coaches interpret outcomes.