Percorrer por tipo de recurso "review article"
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- Adiabatic radial perturbations of relativistic stars: Analytic solutions to an old problemPublication . Luz, Paulo; Carloni, SanteWe present a new system of equations that fully characterizes adiabatic, radial perturbations of perfect fluid stars within the theory of general relativity. The properties of the system are discussed, and, provided that the equilibrium spacetime verifies some general regularity conditions, analytical solutions for the perturbation variables are found. As illustrative examples, the results are applied to study perturbations of selected classical exact spacetimes, and the first oscillation eigenfrequencies are computed. Exploiting the new formalism, we derive an upper bound for the maximum compactness of stable, perfect fluid stars, which is equation-of-state agnostic and significantly smaller than the Buchdahl bound.
- Are the physical activity habits of healthcare professionals associated with their physical activity promotion and counselling?: A systematic reviewPublication . Borges, Margarida D.; Ribeiro, Tiago; Peralta, Miguel; Gouveia, Bruna; Marques, AdilsonObjective: Healthcare professionals (HCPs) play an important role in conducting brief physical activity counselling during consultations, representing one of the population's most cost-effective interventions for its promotion. Despite this, their clinical practice often falls short in addressing physical activity with the necessary depth and frequency. This study aimed to synthesise the literature concerning the association between the physical activity habits of HCPs and their attitudes toward physical activity promotion and counselling. Methods: The systematic review followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses) guidelines. Its protocol was registered in PROSPERO under ID: CRD42023408302. In March 2023, a comprehensive search was conducted using key terms related to physical activity levels and HCPs counselling practices across the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, APA PsycInfo, and CINAHL databases. Registered HCPs classified under the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for assessing articles quality. Results: The search yielded 6618 articles, with 51 meeting the inclusion criteria after filtering and crossreferencing. Predominantly cross-sectional studies were included, mainly involving HCPs responding to questionnaires regarding their physical activity habits and promotion and counselling practices. Heterogeneous results were found. Conclusion: High-quality studies mainly concluded that higher physical activity levels among HCPs were associated with more physical activity promotion and counselling practices. These findings are an important contribution to the relevance of the physical activity practice by HCPs and highlighting the importance of promoting its counselling in clinical practice.
- Beyond the core: The role of supplementary short tandem repeats in forensic geneticsPublication . Ramos, Vitória; Ferreira da Silva, Benedita; Fadoni, Jennifer; Amorim, António; Cainé, LauraConventional forensic DNA profiling predominantly utilizes established core sets of au-tosomal short tandem repeats (STRs), such as the FBI’s Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) and the European Standard Set (ESS). While these panels are effective for stand-ard forensic casework, they may be inadequate in more demanding scenarios, including severely degraded samples, complex multi-contributor mixtures, and kinship cases with deficiencies, where enhanced discriminatory capability is crucial. Additional non-core STR loci address these challenges while maintaining the non-coding, phenotypically un-informative nature that ensures the legal and ethical acceptability of forensic genetic evi-dence in court. This review assesses the forensic applications, population genetic param-eters, validation requirements, and ethical considerations associated with non-core STR loci. A representative supplementary STR panel is presented as a case study to illustrate both the forensic value and the analytical requirements associated with the implementa-tion of extended non-core STR systems. Challenges in implementation were identified in areas such as nomenclature standardization, backward compatibility with existing na-tional databases, and geographic gaps in population reference data. The review concludes that a hybrid strategy, which retains core capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based profiling for routine casework and employs extended non-core panels for complex cases, represents the most practical path for the field.
- Cape Verde: Islands of Vulnerability or Resilience? A Transition from a MIRAB Model into a TOURAB One?Publication . Sarmento, Eduardo Moraes; Silva, Ana Lorga daSmall island developing states (SIDSs) traditionally face a set of challenges like the weak and highly fragile economic configuration, environmental issues, and a traditional dependence on a few economic activities forcing them to open the economy to the exterior. Therefore, their development model, like in Cape Verde, depends on migration, remittances, dependence on aid, tourism, and state employment. The current research offers an insight into the nature of Cape Verde’s economy as a SIDS economy and the degree to which the country has been relying on tourism receipts, external remittances from migrations, aid programs, and government services. Understanding Cape Verde’s development model is important to clarify the challenges the country faces and its development needs to gather a long-term resilience and to understand if it is changing from a MIRAB (Migrations, Remittances, Aid, and Bureaucracy) model into another one.
- Deaths in custody: Physical restraint, excited delirium and medico-legal investigation – A systematic reviewPublication . Dias, Alexandra Gonçalves; Cainé, LauraBackground/objectives: Deaths in custody represent a critical intersection between health care, law enforcement and human rights. By depriving an individual of liberty, the State assumes an enhanced duty to protect life and ensure access to adequate medical care. Any death occurring in custodial settings must therefore be regarded as potentially suspicious until clarified through a prompt, independent and technically robust investigation. Methods: This systematic review synthesizes and critically examines scientific evidence on deaths in police and prison custody, with particular emphasis on physical restraint, pathophysiological mechanisms, and medico-legal investigation practices. A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus (2010–2025) was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2009 guidelines. Results: The evidence indicates that deaths in custody are predominantly multifactorial, resulting from the interaction between physical restraint, intense physiological stress, intoxication with psychoactive substances and individual vulnerabilities such as obesity or underlying cardiac disease. The concept of “excited delirium” remains highly controversial, lacking validated diagnostic criteria or specific biomarkers and is frequently used as a diagnosis of exclusion in medico-legal contexts. Physical restraint, particularly prolonged prone positioning with thoracic or cervical compression, may precipitate metabolic acidosis and restraint-associated cardiac arrest, even in the absence of significant hypoxemia. Experimental studies in healthy volunteers fail to reproduce realworld custodial conditions and should not be used to negate associated risks. Conclusions: Rigorous and independent medico-legal investigation, including complete autopsy, toxicological analysis and contextual reconstruction, is essential for accurate causal attribution and institutional accountability. These findings have direct implications for forensic practice, death certification and the prevention of avoidable deaths in custodial settings.
- Emerging Technologies to Promote Fans Interaction in Football Events: A Systematic ReviewPublication . Martins, Francisco; França, Cíntia; Paixão, Pedro; Martinho, Diogo V.; Campos, Pedro; Gouveia, Bruna R.; Lopes, Hélder; Ihle, Andreas; Marques, Eduardo; Gouveia, Élvio Rúbio; Gouveia, BrunaAs the digital revolution continues to take hold in contemporary society, new technology and communications networks have provided football with new possibilities and prospects for expansion. This study provides an assessment of the published research regarding innovative digital tools designed to increase the interactivity of fans when watching a football match, regardless of whether they do it at home or at the stadium. A systematic review of the literature was performed, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The final sample included eleven studies for analysis. Overall, the investigations that structure this review seem to be in the early stages of their development, with eight of them making tests with the target audience and the other three still in protocol development processes. Six studies concluded that fans had positive and exciting experiences using mobile applications or interactive systems. Two studies showed promising results in the area of football fans’ health, and only one study showed some difficulties for fans using an ad hoc network in the stadium. Adding personal information, fan interaction systems, specific information about the players and the teams’ tactical strategies, and interactive fan voting seem to be important elements for designing a successful interactive tool that contributes to increasing fans’ enthusiasm during football matches.
- Enhanced AutomaticWildfire Detection System Using Big Data and EfficientNetsPublication . Fernandes, Armando; Utkin, Andrei; Chaves, PauloPrevious works have shown the effectiveness of EfficientNet—a convolutional neural network built upon the concept of compound scaling—in automatically detecting smoke plumes at a distance of several kilometres in visible camera images. Building on these results, we have created enhanced EfficientNet models capable of precisely identifying the smoke location due to the introduction of a mosaic-like output and achieving extremely reduced false positive percentages due to using partial AUROC and applying class imbalance. Our EfficientNets beat InceptionV3 and MobileNetV2 in the same dataset and achieved a true detection percentage of 89.2% and a false positive percentage of only 0.306% across a test set with 17,023 images. The complete dataset used in this study contains 26,204 smoke and 51,075 non-smoke images. This makes it one of the largest, if not the most extensive, datasets reported in the scientific literature for smoke plume imagery. So, the achieved percentages are not only among the best reported for this application but are also among the most reliable due to the extent and representativeness of the dataset.
- The EU Emission Trading System Tax Regime and the Issue of Unfair Maritime CompetitionPublication . Faria, Duarte Lyncehis article starts by providing an updated literature review and the EU legislative framework concerning reducing carbon emissions in the maritime industry as part of the European Green Deal (EGD). It specifically examines the EU Emission Trading System (ETS) tax regime. This document then analyses the current factors influencing ships’ decisions to avoid stopping at hub ports and going to neighbouring Mediterranean countries, such as North Africa and Turkey. In the discussion section, this study presents various suggestions for updating EU laws or expediting the collection and analysis of data to prompt the Commission to take appropriate actions to prevent unfair competition between EU and non-EU ports. This study focuses on identifying the most effective solutions within the EU legislative framework to address the need for the Commission to take legitimate action to prevent ships from bypassing EU hub ports. These solutions can be further developed alongside initiatives at the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and certain provisions can be adjusted at the EU level. The IMO’s call for a carbon fee on bunkering exacerbates the existing challenges. Preventive measures must be implemented to control the diversion of shipping traffic from EU hub ports, ensure fair treatment of EU ports involved in transhipment, and prevent carbon leakage. Moreover, the recent Houthi attacks in the Red Sea have significantly increased shipping costs on the route around the Cape of Good Hope to Europe, necessitating increased allowances for traffic to and from Europe.
- Fault Diagnosis of Maritime Equipment Using an Intelligent Fuzzy FrameworkPublication . Mendonça, L. F.; Sousa, J. M. C.; Vieira, S. M.The task of automatically and intelligently diagnosing faults in marine equipment is of great significance due to the numerous duties that shipboard professionals must handle. Incorporating automated and intelligent systems on ships allows for more efficient equipment monitoring and better decision-making. This approach has attracted considerable interest in both academia and industry because of its potential for economic savings and improved safety. Several fault diagnosis methods are documented in the literature, often involving mathematical and control theory models. However, due to the inherent complexity of some processes, not all characteristics are precisely known, making mathematical modeling highly challenging. As a result, fault diagnosis often depends on data or heuristic information. Fuzzy logic theory is particularly well suited for processing this type of information. Therefore, this paper employs fuzzy models to diagnose faults in a marine pneumatic servo-actuated valve. The fuzzy models used in fault diagnosis are obtained from the data. These fuzzy models are identified for the normal operation of the marine pneumatic servo-actuated valve, and for each fault, predicting the system’s outputs from the inputs and outputs of the process. The proposed fault diagnosis framework analyzes the discrepancy signals between the outputs of the fuzzy models and the actual process outputs. These discrepancies, known as residuals, help in detecting and isolating equipment faults. The fault isolation process uses an intelligent decision-making approach to determine the specific fault in the system. This method is applied to diagnose abrupt faults in a marine pneumatic servo-actuated valve. The approach presented was used to detect and diagnose three very important faults in the operation of a marine pneumatic servo-actuated valve. The three faults were correctly detected and isolated, and no errors were detected in this detection and isolation process.
- Fuzzy-Set QCA on Performance and Sustainability Determinants of Ports Supporting Floating Offshore Wind FarmsPublication . Caldeirinha, V.; Felício, J. A.; Pinho, T.; Rodrigues, R.The present study explores the relationship between the characteristics, performance, and sustainability of ports that will, in the future, support the logistical chains of new floating offshore wind farms, considering the crucial advancement and expansion of the offshore wind energy sector for the transition to a low-carbon economy. Through a detailed analysis, which includes international case studies in America and Europe utilizing expert interviews and quantitative methods through surveys, the importance of the location, new types of infrastructure and superstructure, and new planning and governance models for the performance and sustainability of ports that will be involved in this new energy industry is highlighted. Also, the context in which ports associated with floating wind turbines are located influences the performance and sustainability. This research employs Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), based on a survey of 22 European sector company experts, to emphasize the critical port characteristics for the performance and sustainability. This study reveals the significant contribution of supporting ports for the future floating offshore wind sector for the gross added value and the expansion of regional employment, and the need for new planning, construction, operation, and management models for ports instead of the traditional models applied to simple cargo loading and unloading ports, offering valuable new insights for port managers, policymakers, and academics. However, a future research trajectory with a more geographically diverse sample is suggested to enhance the applicability and generalizability of the results.
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