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A criminalização no contrato de gestação de substituição – contributos exploratórios
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Abstract(s)
Chama-se gestação de substituição e consiste num acordo em que uma mulher que não pode ou não consegue carregar um filho no seu útero, recorra a outra mulher, a chamada gestante de substituição, para que esta tenha uma gravidez por si, respeitando os requisitos regulamentados, e entregando a criança após o parto e renunciando aos seus direitos de mãe.
O procedimento recorre a técnicas de procriação medicamente assistida, se uma mulher for incapaz de gerar um filho, mas for fértil ela poderá ser mãe de um filho biológico se a gestação ocorrer numa mulher saudável. Em casos mais complexos de infertilidade os óvulos poderão ser doados por outra mulher e inseminados artificialmente e implantados na mulher de substituição.
Atualmente, em Portugal o fenómeno da gestação de substituição encontra-se suspenso pelo Acórdão do Tribunal Constitucional n.º 225/2018, de 7 de maio de 2018, porém, com a oferta e garantias de sucesso noutros países, muitos são aqueles que querem ver o sonho de serem pais realizado e procuram um local onde tal seja possível, o que resulta, muitas vezes, numa prática além-fronteiras criada da exploração reprodutiva e da clandestinidade.
Existe toda uma propaganda à favor desta prática, onde é transmitida uma imagem de altruísmo e de solidariedade, mas não se reporta a instrumentalização da mulher gestante, que assume a posição de uma simples incubadora durante todo o processo de gestação.
A crescente procura por esta prática faz com que despoletasse um mercado de bebés, onde mulheres são exploradas e os bebés ainda que não tenham sido concebidos encontram-se numa posição de instabilidade, não só jurídica como eventualmente emocional, uma vez que estamos perante a celebração de um contrato cujo objetivo de negociação é uma criança, um bebé, querido por todos e que no final pode não ser querido por ninguém.
Esta é uma realidade que deve ser combatida, é necessário, a elaboração de um quadro jurídico multilateral para que se garanta a preservação da dignidade da pessoa humana, independentemente do local em que nasça ou de quem dê à luz um filho.
It is called gestation of substitution and consists of an agreement in which a woman who cannot or cannot carry a child in her womb, resorts to another woman, the so-called gestante de substituição, so that she carries a pregnancy for herself, respecting the regulated requirements, and delivering the child after birth and renouncing her rights as a mother. The procedure makes use of medically assisted procreation techniques, if a woman is unable to bear a child but is fertile she can be the mother of a biological child if the pregnancy occurs in a healthy woman. In more complex cases of infertility the ova can be donated by another woman and artificially inseminated and implanted in the surrogate woman. Currently, in Portugal, the phenomenon of surrogate pregnancy is suspended by the Judgement of the Constitutional Court no. 225/2018, of 7 May 2018, however, with the offer and guarantees of success in other countries, many are those who want to see their dream of becoming parents come true and seek a place where this is possible, which often results in a cross-border practice created of reproductive exploitation and clandestinity. There is a whole propaganda in favour of this practice, where an image of altruism and solidarity is transmitted, but it does not report the instrumentalisation of the pregnant woman, who assumes the position of a simple incubator during the entire gestation process. The growing demand for this practice has triggered a baby market, where women are exploited and the babies, even if they have not been conceived, find themselves in an unstable position, not only legally but also emotionally, as we are facing the signing of a contract whose objective of negotiation is a child, a baby, wanted by all and that in the end may not be wanted by anyone. This is a reality that must be fought, it is necessary, the elaboration of a multilateral legal framework to guarantee the preservation of the dignity of the human person, regardless of where a child is born or who gives birth to a child.
It is called gestation of substitution and consists of an agreement in which a woman who cannot or cannot carry a child in her womb, resorts to another woman, the so-called gestante de substituição, so that she carries a pregnancy for herself, respecting the regulated requirements, and delivering the child after birth and renouncing her rights as a mother. The procedure makes use of medically assisted procreation techniques, if a woman is unable to bear a child but is fertile she can be the mother of a biological child if the pregnancy occurs in a healthy woman. In more complex cases of infertility the ova can be donated by another woman and artificially inseminated and implanted in the surrogate woman. Currently, in Portugal, the phenomenon of surrogate pregnancy is suspended by the Judgement of the Constitutional Court no. 225/2018, of 7 May 2018, however, with the offer and guarantees of success in other countries, many are those who want to see their dream of becoming parents come true and seek a place where this is possible, which often results in a cross-border practice created of reproductive exploitation and clandestinity. There is a whole propaganda in favour of this practice, where an image of altruism and solidarity is transmitted, but it does not report the instrumentalisation of the pregnant woman, who assumes the position of a simple incubator during the entire gestation process. The growing demand for this practice has triggered a baby market, where women are exploited and the babies, even if they have not been conceived, find themselves in an unstable position, not only legally but also emotionally, as we are facing the signing of a contract whose objective of negotiation is a child, a baby, wanted by all and that in the end may not be wanted by anyone. This is a reality that must be fought, it is necessary, the elaboration of a multilateral legal framework to guarantee the preservation of the dignity of the human person, regardless of where a child is born or who gives birth to a child.
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Keywords
Procriação medicamente assistida Gestação de substituição Dignidade da pessoa humana Mercado de bebés Medically assisted procreation Surrogate pregnancy Human dignity Baby market