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O papel do microbioma no desenvolvimento de doenças
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| 2.94 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
O corpo humano tem sido referido como um superorganismo. Este é colonizado por triliões de microrganismos, dos quais fazem parte várias espécies de bactérias, vírus, fungos e protozoários. O microbioma desenvolve-se desde o nascimento até às diversas fases da vida adulta, pelo que se considera o seu desenvolvimento um processo dinâmico, uma vez que este varia ao longo da vida, coexistindo com o seu hospedeiro e sendo parte ativa de diversos processos biológicos no nosso organismo.
Ocorre variação interpessoal e intrapessoal, isto é, este é diferente tanto de pessoa para pessoa, como nos diferentes locais anatómicos de cada pessoa, pelo que se considera que cada ser humano possui um microbioma único. Ao contrário do que acontece com o genoma humano, o microbioma apresenta alguma volatilidade, isto é, pode sofrer grandes alterações nos microrganismos presentes no hospedeiro, devido a diversos fatores, nomeadamente dieta, idade, fatores genéticos e geográficos e administração de antibióticos.
O trato gastrointestinal, mais precisamente o intestino, apresenta-se como o local do organismo humano que alberga o maior número e diversidade de microrganismos, exercendo uma maior influência sobre os mecanismos homeostáticos humanos. Desta forma, alterações que resultem num desequilíbrio hemostático na constituição do microbioma, poderão resultar em problemas para o hospedeiro, nomeadamente o desenvolvimento ou agravamento de diversas doenças, como diabetes mellitus, obesidade, doenças cardiovasculares, doenças neurodegenerativas e doenças metabólicas.
Ainda assim, as consequências resultantes destas disbioses podem ser reduzidas através da restauração ou modulação do microbioma, isto é, restabelecimento de um microbioma mais diverso e saudável, o que poderá ser alcançado através de bactérias que causam efeito benéfico (probióticos), por componentes da dieta (prebióticos), pela junção de ambos (simbióticos) ou ainda pelo método do transplante de microbioma fecal.
The human body has been referred to as a superorganism. It is colonized by trillions of microorganisms, which include several species of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and eukarya. The microbiome develops from birth to the various stages of adult life, being considered as a dynamic process, since it varies throughout life, coexisting with its host and being an active part of various biological processes in our body. Interpersonal and intrapersonal variation occurs, i.e, it is different not only from person to person but also it is different anatomical locations of each person, therefore is considered that each human being has a unique microbiome. Unlike what happens with the human genome, the microbiome presents some volatility, that can undergo major changes in the microorganisms present in the host, due to several factors, including diet, age, genetic and geographic factors, and antibiotic administration. The gastrointestinal tract, more precisely the intestine, presents itself as the place of the human organism that provides the highest number and diversity of microorganisms, exerting a higher influence on human homeostatic mechanisms. Thus, changes that result in a hemostatic imbalance in the constitution of the microbiome might result in problems for the host, namely the development or aggravation of various diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, the consequences resulting from these dysbioses can be reduced through the restoration or modulation of the microbiome, in other words, the reestablishment of a more diverse and healthier microbiome, which can be achieved through bacteria that cause a beneficial effect (probiotics), by components of the diet (prebiotics), by the combination of both (symbiotics), or even by the fecal microbiome transplantation method.
The human body has been referred to as a superorganism. It is colonized by trillions of microorganisms, which include several species of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and eukarya. The microbiome develops from birth to the various stages of adult life, being considered as a dynamic process, since it varies throughout life, coexisting with its host and being an active part of various biological processes in our body. Interpersonal and intrapersonal variation occurs, i.e, it is different not only from person to person but also it is different anatomical locations of each person, therefore is considered that each human being has a unique microbiome. Unlike what happens with the human genome, the microbiome presents some volatility, that can undergo major changes in the microorganisms present in the host, due to several factors, including diet, age, genetic and geographic factors, and antibiotic administration. The gastrointestinal tract, more precisely the intestine, presents itself as the place of the human organism that provides the highest number and diversity of microorganisms, exerting a higher influence on human homeostatic mechanisms. Thus, changes that result in a hemostatic imbalance in the constitution of the microbiome might result in problems for the host, namely the development or aggravation of various diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, the consequences resulting from these dysbioses can be reduced through the restoration or modulation of the microbiome, in other words, the reestablishment of a more diverse and healthier microbiome, which can be achieved through bacteria that cause a beneficial effect (probiotics), by components of the diet (prebiotics), by the combination of both (symbiotics), or even by the fecal microbiome transplantation method.
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
Microbioma humano Microbioma gastrointestinal Desenvolvimento do microbioma Doença Saúde Dieta Terapêutica Probióticos Prebióticos Transplante microbiano fecal Antibióticos