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Publication
Imunoterapia no cancro da mama
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
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| 1.58 MB | Adobe PDF |
Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O cancro da mama é o cancro mais comum no sexo feminino a nível mundial, havendo cerca de 1,7 milhões de novos casos todos os anos. O cancro da mama é uma neoplasia epitelial maligna, apresentando um potencial de metastização. A neoplasia da
mama é caracterizada pela sua heterogeneidade apresentado vários tipos de cancro da
mama.
O tratamento padrão consiste na cirurgia, radioterapia, quimioterapia e terapia hormonal, mas estas terapêuticas não são especificas provocando efeitos adversos graves
e recaídas. Devido às limitações dos tratamentos tradicionais levou a pesquisa de novas
estratégias de tratamento com maior especificidade.
O sistema imunitário desempenha um papel fundamental no organismo, mantendo a homeostase, conferindo a capacidade de proteção contra agentes patogénicos. Posto
isto, o sistema imunitário tem a competência no reconhecimento e controlo do
crescimento tumoral. No entanto, o sistema imunitário tem uma dupla fase, podendo
favorecer o crescimento tumoral inibindo o ambiente antitumoral. A este processo chama-se immunoediting.
A imunoterapia tem a capacidade de estimular o sistema imunitário, de forma a
destruir o tumor e impossibilitar recorrências. As células efetoras chave na imunoterapia
são os linfócitos T citotóxicos, capazes de reconhecer e eliminar as células neoplásicas.
Deste modo, a imunoterapia surgiu como uma terapêutica poderosa com elevada
especificidade. Na imunoterapia existem diferentes abordagens como; os inibidores do
checkpoint, vacinas e transferência de células adotivas. Na atualidade, já é utilizado
concomitantemente a imunoterapia com a quimioterapia e várias combinações de
imunoterapias.
Apesar dos conhecimentos adquiridos neste momento, existe ainda um longo caminho a percorrer. Existem várias moléculas em desenvolvimento e a associação das diversas terapêuticas vai ser o futuro tratamento no cancro da mama.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women globally, with around 1.7 million new cases every year. Breast cancer is a malignant epithelial neoplasm, presenting potential metastasis. The breast neoplasm is characterized by its heterogeneity presenting several types of breast cancer. The standard treatment consists of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy, but these therapies are not specific, causing serious adverse effects and relapses. Due to the limitations of traditional treatments, this led to the research of new treatment strategies with greater specificity. The immune system plays a key role in the body, maintaining homeostasis, conferring the ability to protect against pathogens. That said, the immune system has the competence to recognize and control tumor growth. However, the immune system has a double phase, which may favor tumor growth by inhibiting the antitumor environment. This process is called immunoediting. Immunotherapy has the ability to stimulate the immune system, in order to destroy the tumor and prevent recurrences. Key effector cells in immunotherapy are cytotoxic T lymphocytes, capable of recognizing and killing neoplastic cells. In this way, immunotherapy emerged as a powerful therapy with high specificity. In immunotherapy there are different approaches such as; the checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines and by transfering adoptive cells. Currently using immunotherapy with chemotherapy and various combinations of immunotherapies. Despite the knowledge acquired at the moment, there is still a long way to go. There are several molecules in development and the combination of the various therapies will be the future treatment in breast cancer.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women globally, with around 1.7 million new cases every year. Breast cancer is a malignant epithelial neoplasm, presenting potential metastasis. The breast neoplasm is characterized by its heterogeneity presenting several types of breast cancer. The standard treatment consists of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy, but these therapies are not specific, causing serious adverse effects and relapses. Due to the limitations of traditional treatments, this led to the research of new treatment strategies with greater specificity. The immune system plays a key role in the body, maintaining homeostasis, conferring the ability to protect against pathogens. That said, the immune system has the competence to recognize and control tumor growth. However, the immune system has a double phase, which may favor tumor growth by inhibiting the antitumor environment. This process is called immunoediting. Immunotherapy has the ability to stimulate the immune system, in order to destroy the tumor and prevent recurrences. Key effector cells in immunotherapy are cytotoxic T lymphocytes, capable of recognizing and killing neoplastic cells. In this way, immunotherapy emerged as a powerful therapy with high specificity. In immunotherapy there are different approaches such as; the checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines and by transfering adoptive cells. Currently using immunotherapy with chemotherapy and various combinations of immunotherapies. Despite the knowledge acquired at the moment, there is still a long way to go. There are several molecules in development and the combination of the various therapies will be the future treatment in breast cancer.
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
Cancro da mama Sistema imunitário Imunoterapia