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Abstract(s)
De acordo com McNamara, a displasia transversal do maxilar superior é um dos problemas esqueléticos mais comuns na região craniofacial. Este problema esquelético é caracterizado por uma largura transpalatina diminuída a nível dos primeiros molares superiores e traduz- se numa discrepância entre a dimensão transversal do maxilar e a dimensão transversal da mandibula. Deste modo, é comum a displasia transversal do maxilar se manifestar através de uma mordida cruzada posterior uni ou bilateral, apinhamento dentário e assimetrias faciais, entre outros, podendo também estar associada a dificuldades respiratórias, uma vez que, na presença de atresia do palato, a distância entre as paredes laterais da cavidade nasal e o septo nasal encontra-se frequentemente diminuída. A correção desta anomalia esquelética requer geralmente expansão do palato ao nível da sutura palatina mediana em combinação com movimentos ortopédicos ou
dentoalveolares.
Diversos autores defendem que ao aumentar a dimensão transversal do maxilar ao nível do palato, a dimensão transversal das fossas nasais seria aumentada concomitantemente, levando a uma eventual redução da resistência aérea nasal e a um aumento do fluxo aéreo. No entanto, esta afirmação não é consensual.
Este trabalho consiste numa revisão bibliográfica sobre a influência da expansão maxilar na respiração nasal em crianças e adolescentes com dificuldades respiratórias, baseando- se nos artigos de maior qualidade e evidência sobre o tema em questão até à atualidade.
Pretende-se assim, numa fase inicial, descrever o desenvolvimento normal craniofacial e do sistema respiratório. De seguida, serão abordadas as condições de displasia transversal da maxila e de insuficiência respiratória, avaliando principalmente os efeitos do tratamento da displasia transversal da maxila, por meio da expansão maxilar, nas estruturas aéreas superiores. Por fim, o objetivo deste trabalho é debater, com base na
evidência científica mais recente, se a expansão maxilar pode ser considerada uma opção terapêutica para melhorar as dificuldades respiratórias.
According to McNamara, transverse dysplasia of the upper jaw is one of the most common skeletal problems in the craniofacial region. This skeletal problem is characterized by a reduced transpalatal width between the upper first molars and manifests a discrepancy between tooth size and the size of the maxillary bone base. Thus, it is common for transverse jaw dysplasia to be associated with unilateral or bilateral posterior crossbite, dental crowding and facial asymmetries, among others, and may also be associated with respiratory problems, since, in the presence of palate atresia, the distance between the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum is often reduced. Correction of this skeletal anomaly generally requires expansion of the palate at the midline suture in combination with orthopaedic or dentoalveolar movement. Several authors argue that maxillary expansion increases the size of the nasal cavity and consequently the airflow, leading to a reduction in nasal air resistance and contributing to an improvement in nasal breathing. However, this statement is not consensual. This study consists of a narrative review on the influence of maxillary expansion on nasal breathing in children and adolescents with breathing difficulties, based on the highest quality articles and evidence on this subject so far. Initially, the normal craniofacial and respiratory system development will be explained. Then, the conditions of transverse dysplasia of the maxilla and respiratory failure will be addressed, where the effects of maxillary expansion on the upper air structures will be especially evaluated. Finally, the aim of this study is to discuss, based on the most recent scientific evidence, whether maxillary expansion can be considered a therapeutic option for improving breathing difficulties.
According to McNamara, transverse dysplasia of the upper jaw is one of the most common skeletal problems in the craniofacial region. This skeletal problem is characterized by a reduced transpalatal width between the upper first molars and manifests a discrepancy between tooth size and the size of the maxillary bone base. Thus, it is common for transverse jaw dysplasia to be associated with unilateral or bilateral posterior crossbite, dental crowding and facial asymmetries, among others, and may also be associated with respiratory problems, since, in the presence of palate atresia, the distance between the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and the nasal septum is often reduced. Correction of this skeletal anomaly generally requires expansion of the palate at the midline suture in combination with orthopaedic or dentoalveolar movement. Several authors argue that maxillary expansion increases the size of the nasal cavity and consequently the airflow, leading to a reduction in nasal air resistance and contributing to an improvement in nasal breathing. However, this statement is not consensual. This study consists of a narrative review on the influence of maxillary expansion on nasal breathing in children and adolescents with breathing difficulties, based on the highest quality articles and evidence on this subject so far. Initially, the normal craniofacial and respiratory system development will be explained. Then, the conditions of transverse dysplasia of the maxilla and respiratory failure will be addressed, where the effects of maxillary expansion on the upper air structures will be especially evaluated. Finally, the aim of this study is to discuss, based on the most recent scientific evidence, whether maxillary expansion can be considered a therapeutic option for improving breathing difficulties.
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
Expansão maxilar Respiração Vias aéreas superiores