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A Retrospective Etiological Study Of Canine Epilepsy In Portugal
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O presente estudo retrospetivo teve como objetivos avaliar a etiologia da epilepsia canina numa população de cães em Portugal, bem como analisar o impacto de características clínicas, nomeadamente raça, tamanho, género, idade, número de ataques de epilepsia, resultados do exame neurológico, ressonância magnética (RM) e análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR), como fatores preditivos para epilepsia idiopática (EI) e epilepsia estrutural (EE). Todos os casos clínicos incluídos no estudo foram monitorizados e/ou acompanhados por um neurologista diplomado pelo Colégio Europeu de Neurologia Veterinária e/ou por um neurologista clínico com Certificado de General Practitioner. O estudo foi realizado com uma amostra de cães com historial clínico de ataques epiléticos, observados no serviço de neurologia de dois hospitais veterinários de referência entre janeiro de 2022 e janeiro de 2024, e que realizaram uma avaliação neurológica completa, incluindo RM intracraniana. No total foram incluídos 25 casos que cumpriram os critérios de inclusão. Quinze casos foram diagnosticados com EI (60%), enquanto 10 casos foram diagnosticados com EE (40%). Os cães de raça pura apresentaram uma prevalência mais elevada de EI (80%) e EE (70%). Observou-se uma maior prevalência de epilepsia idiopática em machos (67%) em comparação com as fêmeas (33%). A maioria dos cães de porte pequeno foi diagnosticada com EE (60%), enquanto cães de porte médio apresentaram uma maior prevalência de EI (47%). A idade média de início dos episódios epiléticos foi de 65.6 meses, e a idade média aquando da realização da RM foi de 68.2 meses. Verificou-se uma prevalência mais elevada de EE em cães com mais de 72 meses (60%), enquanto a maioria dos cães com EI tinha entre 7 e 72 meses (93%). Cães com EI apresentaram maior probabilidade de sofrer de ataques epiléticos em cluster (53%) em comparação com os cães com EE (30%). As observações recolhidas do exame neurológico mostraram que cães com EI tinham maior probabilidade de apresentar um exame neurológico normal (80%), enquanto cães com EE tinham maior probabilidade de apresentar exame neurológico anormal (60%). Quando realizada, a análise do LCR foi normal em todos os cães com EI e anormal em todos os cães com EE. Apesar das limitações impostas pelo reduzido tamanho da amostra, os resultados obtidos mostraram-se consistentes com a literatura existente sobre a epidemiologia da epilepsia canina.
The aimed of this retrospective study were to evaluate the etiology of canine epilepsy in a population of dogs from Portugal and to assess the impact of clinical features, namely breed, dog size, gender, age, number of seizures, results of neurological examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, as predictive factors for idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and structural epilepsy (SE). All cases included in the study were monitored and/or reviewed by a board-certified neurologist (European College of Veterinary Neurology) or/and a clinical neurologist with General Practitioner Certificate accreditation. The study was conducted on a sample of dogs presented with a history of seizures at the neurology service of two referral veterinary hospitals from Portugal between January 2022 and January 2024, that underwent a full neurological evaluation including MRI of the brain. A total of 25 cases met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen cases were diagnosed with IE (60%), whereas 10 cases were diagnosed with SE (40%). Purebred dogs had a higher prevalence of both IE (80%) and SE (70%). Male dogs had a higher prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy (67%) than females (33%). Most small size dogs were diagnosed with SE (60%), while medium size dogs had a higher prevalence of IE (47%). The mean age at the onset of seizures was 65.6 months, and the mean age at the time of MRI scan was 68.2 months. Dogs older than 72 months had a higher prevalence of SE (60%), while most dogs with IE were between 7 to 72 months old (93%). Dogs with IE were more likely to experience cluster seizures (53%) compared to those with SE (30%). Neurologic examination findings showed that dogs with IE were more likely to have a normal neurologic evaluation (80%), whereas dogs with SE were more likely to have an abnormal neurologic exam (60%). When collected, CSF analysis was normal in all dogs with IE and abnormal in all dogs with SE. Despite the limitations imposed by the small sample size, the results obtained were consistent with the existing literature on the epidemiology of canine epilepsy.
The aimed of this retrospective study were to evaluate the etiology of canine epilepsy in a population of dogs from Portugal and to assess the impact of clinical features, namely breed, dog size, gender, age, number of seizures, results of neurological examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, as predictive factors for idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and structural epilepsy (SE). All cases included in the study were monitored and/or reviewed by a board-certified neurologist (European College of Veterinary Neurology) or/and a clinical neurologist with General Practitioner Certificate accreditation. The study was conducted on a sample of dogs presented with a history of seizures at the neurology service of two referral veterinary hospitals from Portugal between January 2022 and January 2024, that underwent a full neurological evaluation including MRI of the brain. A total of 25 cases met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen cases were diagnosed with IE (60%), whereas 10 cases were diagnosed with SE (40%). Purebred dogs had a higher prevalence of both IE (80%) and SE (70%). Male dogs had a higher prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy (67%) than females (33%). Most small size dogs were diagnosed with SE (60%), while medium size dogs had a higher prevalence of IE (47%). The mean age at the onset of seizures was 65.6 months, and the mean age at the time of MRI scan was 68.2 months. Dogs older than 72 months had a higher prevalence of SE (60%), while most dogs with IE were between 7 to 72 months old (93%). Dogs with IE were more likely to experience cluster seizures (53%) compared to those with SE (30%). Neurologic examination findings showed that dogs with IE were more likely to have a normal neurologic evaluation (80%), whereas dogs with SE were more likely to have an abnormal neurologic exam (60%). When collected, CSF analysis was normal in all dogs with IE and abnormal in all dogs with SE. Despite the limitations imposed by the small sample size, the results obtained were consistent with the existing literature on the epidemiology of canine epilepsy.
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Keywords
Cão Epilepsia Estrutural Epilepsia Idiopática Ataques Epiléticos Líquido Cefalorraquidiano Ressonância Magnética Dog Cerebrospinal Fluid Idiopathic Epilepsy Magnetic Resonance Imaging Seizures Structural Epilepsy