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Desafios no Sistema de Retorno em Portugal: Os Processos de Afastamento
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Resumo(s)
A gestão da permanência irregular de cidadãos estrangeiros em território nacional constitui um dos domínios mais exigentes da política de segurança interna, na medida em que obriga a compatibilizar o respeito pelos direitos fundamentais com as exigências de controlo migratório que incumbem ao Estado. Em Portugal, esta problemática assumiu contornos particularmente relevantes com a extinção do Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras em 2023 e a consequente redistribuição de competências pelo sistema de segurança interna, processo que culminou na criação da Unidade Nacional de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras na Polícia de Segurança Pública. A presente investigação tem como objetivo compreender os principais desafios jurídicos, institucionais e operacionais associados aos processos de afastamento coercivo de cidadãos estrangeiros em Portugal. Adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, assente em seis entrevistas semiestruturadas a profissionais com intervenção direta nestes processos, tratadas mediante análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados revelam um diagnóstico convergente sobre os principais obstáculos ao sistema de retorno: dificuldades de identificação e documentação dos cidadãos, não cooperação das representações diplomáticas estrangeiras, efeito suspensivo dos pedidos de proteção internacional, insuficiência da capacidade nos centros de instalação temporária e espaços equiparados e fragmentação dos sistemas de informação entre entidades. Conclui-se que a centralização de competências na UNEF criou condições institucionais mais favoráveis à execução dos processos de afastamento coercivo, mas que a eficácia do sistema de retorno continua condicionada por obstáculos estruturais cuja resolução exige intervenção articulada nos domínios legislativo, diplomático, infraestrutural e de recursos humanos.
The management of the irregular stay of foreign nationals on national territory is one of the most challenging areas of internal security policy, in that it requires a balance to be struck between respect for fundamental rights and the State’s migration control obligations. In Portugal, this issue took on particular significance with the abolition of the Foreigners and Borders Service in 2023 and the consequent redistribution of responsibilities across the internal security system, a process that culminated in the creation of the National Foreigners and Borders Unit within the Public Security Police. This research aims to understand the main legal, institutional and operational challenges associated with the processes of the coercive removal of foreign nationals in Portugal. A qualitative approach was adopted, based on six semi-structured interviews with professionals directly involved in these processes, analysed using thematic content analysis. The findings reveal a consensus on the main obstacles to the return system: difficulties in identifying and documenting citizens, a lack of cooperation from foreign diplomatic missions, the suspensive effect of applications for international protection, insufficient capacity in temporary accommodation centres and similar facilities, and the fragmentation of information systems across agencies. It is concluded that the centralisation of powers within the UNEF has created institutional conditions more conducive to the implementation of forced removal procedures, but that the effectiveness of the return system remains constrained by structural obstacles whose resolution requires coordinated action in the legislative, diplomatic, infrastructural and human resources spheres.
The management of the irregular stay of foreign nationals on national territory is one of the most challenging areas of internal security policy, in that it requires a balance to be struck between respect for fundamental rights and the State’s migration control obligations. In Portugal, this issue took on particular significance with the abolition of the Foreigners and Borders Service in 2023 and the consequent redistribution of responsibilities across the internal security system, a process that culminated in the creation of the National Foreigners and Borders Unit within the Public Security Police. This research aims to understand the main legal, institutional and operational challenges associated with the processes of the coercive removal of foreign nationals in Portugal. A qualitative approach was adopted, based on six semi-structured interviews with professionals directly involved in these processes, analysed using thematic content analysis. The findings reveal a consensus on the main obstacles to the return system: difficulties in identifying and documenting citizens, a lack of cooperation from foreign diplomatic missions, the suspensive effect of applications for international protection, insufficient capacity in temporary accommodation centres and similar facilities, and the fragmentation of information systems across agencies. It is concluded that the centralisation of powers within the UNEF has created institutional conditions more conducive to the implementation of forced removal procedures, but that the effectiveness of the return system remains constrained by structural obstacles whose resolution requires coordinated action in the legislative, diplomatic, infrastructural and human resources spheres.
Descrição
Mestrado em Ciências Policiais - Curso de Formação de Oficiais de Polícia.
Palavras-chave
afastamento coercivo centros de instalação temporária imigração irregular polícia de segurança pública sistema de retorno coercive removal irregular immigration public security police return system temporary installation centres