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Efeito das Alterações Climáticas na Distribuição e Transmissão de Zoonoses Vetoriais em Animais de Companhia na Europa: Caso da Leishmaniose e Doença de Lyme
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Abstract(s)
As alterações climáticas são atualmente um tema central e preocupante, com impacto evidente na
saúde humana, animal e ambiental. Neste âmbito, destaca-se a influência das alterações climáticas na
distribuição e na transmissão de doenças infecciosas transmitidas por vetores. O aumento da
temperatura e a alteração dos padrões de precipitação criam condições favoráveis à sobrevivência e
expansão de vetores como carraças e flebótomos nomeadamente no norte da Europa. Zoonoses como
a Leishmaniose e a Doença de Lyme estão a surgir em regiões não endémicas ou a manter-se ativas
em épocas do ano em que antes não ocorriam, afetando os animais de companhia, nomeadamente os
cães, e aumentando o risco de transmissão para os seres humanos.
Esta revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivo analisar o impacto das alterações climáticas na
distribuição e transmissão da Leishmaniose e da Doença de Lyme na Europa. A escolha destas duas
zoonoses deve-se à sua importância atual e ao modo como ilustram as consequências das mudanças
climáticas. A Doença de Lyme é atualmente a zoonose vetorial mais comum na Europa, com uma
sazonalidade cada vez mais extensa ao longo do ano. A Leishmaniose, por sua vez, tem-se vindo a
expandir para o norte da Europa, representando uma ameaça emergente em áreas onde a população
ainda conhece pouco esta doença, por se tratar de zonas tradicionalmente não endémicas.
Este trabalho procura reunir e analisar a informação científica para melhor compreender a situação
atual destas doenças, a sua evolução futura, apresentando as principais medidas de prevenção e
sublinhando as limitações e a necessidade de adaptação face aos desafios das alterações climáticas.
Identificam-se riscos como a resistência crescente dos vetores aos inseticidas, a vigilância
epidemiológica ainda fragmentada e insuficiente, e o conhecimento limitado da população e de alguns
profissionais de saúde em regiões onde estas doenças estão agora a emergir. A resposta exige
adaptação: reforço da vigilância epidemiológica, integração de dados climáticos e ações coordenadas
sob a abordagem One Health, que liga a saúde humana, animal e ambiental. Este trabalho pretende
ainda alertar e sensibilizar tutores, profissionais de saúde e autoridades para a importância de agir
perante estas ameaças emergentes.
Climate change is currently a central and concerning issue, with evident impacts on human, animal, and environmental health. In this context, the influence of climate change on the distribution and transmission of infectious diseases transmitted by vectors stands out. Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns create favorable conditions for the survival and expansion of vectors such as ticks and sandflies, particularly in northern Europe. Zoonoses like leishmaniasis and Lyme disease are emerging in non-endemic regions or remaining active during times of the year when they previously did not occur, affecting companion animals, especially dogs, and increasing the risk of transmission to humans. This literature review aims to analyze the impact of climate change on the distribution and transmission of leishmaniasis and Lyme disease in Europe. The choice of these two zoonoses is due to their current importance and how they illustrate the consequences of climate change. Lyme disease is currently the most common vector-borne zoonosis in Europe, with an increasingly extended season throughout the year. Leishmaniasis, meanwhile, has been expanding northward in Europe, representing an emerging threat in areas where the population still has limited knowledge of the disease, as these are traditionally non-endemic zones. This work seeks to gather and analyze scientific information to better understand the current situation of these diseases, predict their future evolution, and present the main prevention measures in use, highlighting their limitations and the need for adaptation in face of the challenges posed by climate change. Identified risks include the increasing resistance of vectors to insecticides, still fragmented and insufficient epidemiological surveillance, and limited awareness among the public and some health professionals in regions where these diseases are now emerging. The response requires adaptation: strengthening epidemiological surveillance, integrating climatic data, and coordinated actions under the One Health approach, which links human, animal, and environmental health. This work also aims to alert and raise awareness among pet owners, health professionals, and authorities about the importance of acting against these emerging threats.
Climate change is currently a central and concerning issue, with evident impacts on human, animal, and environmental health. In this context, the influence of climate change on the distribution and transmission of infectious diseases transmitted by vectors stands out. Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns create favorable conditions for the survival and expansion of vectors such as ticks and sandflies, particularly in northern Europe. Zoonoses like leishmaniasis and Lyme disease are emerging in non-endemic regions or remaining active during times of the year when they previously did not occur, affecting companion animals, especially dogs, and increasing the risk of transmission to humans. This literature review aims to analyze the impact of climate change on the distribution and transmission of leishmaniasis and Lyme disease in Europe. The choice of these two zoonoses is due to their current importance and how they illustrate the consequences of climate change. Lyme disease is currently the most common vector-borne zoonosis in Europe, with an increasingly extended season throughout the year. Leishmaniasis, meanwhile, has been expanding northward in Europe, representing an emerging threat in areas where the population still has limited knowledge of the disease, as these are traditionally non-endemic zones. This work seeks to gather and analyze scientific information to better understand the current situation of these diseases, predict their future evolution, and present the main prevention measures in use, highlighting their limitations and the need for adaptation in face of the challenges posed by climate change. Identified risks include the increasing resistance of vectors to insecticides, still fragmented and insufficient epidemiological surveillance, and limited awareness among the public and some health professionals in regions where these diseases are now emerging. The response requires adaptation: strengthening epidemiological surveillance, integrating climatic data, and coordinated actions under the One Health approach, which links human, animal, and environmental health. This work also aims to alert and raise awareness among pet owners, health professionals, and authorities about the importance of acting against these emerging threats.
Description
Keywords
Alterações climáticas Doença de Lyme Leishmaniose Zoonoses transmitidas por vectores Climate Change Leishmaniasis Lyme disease Public Health Vector-borne Zoonoses