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Proteção dos jornalistas integrados no contexto militar
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Abstract(s)
Este Trabalho de Investigação Aplicada, com o tema “Proteção dos jornalistas inte-grados no contexto militar”, procurará responder à seguinte questão central: “Está assegu-rada a proteção aos jornalistas em zonas de conflito?”.
Em missão de guerra, a missão do soldado é combater. Esta é preconizada por nor-mas estratégicas e tácticas operacionais implícitas que não podem ser comprometidas, nem mesmo, sobre os auspícios do supremo, universal e alienável da liberdade de expressão do Homem. Impera que este se mantenha livre, vivo e não resgatado em condições inumanas. A liberdade individual é totalmente justificada, mas jamais poderá ser o motivo para ani-quilamento e vítimas inocentes.
Com uma abordagem qualitativa, método indutivo e descritivo sobre o enquadra-mento normativo internacional no que toca à proteção aos jornalistas embedded, resulta da revisão bibliográfica e outras fontes documentais. A entrevista, a 6 jornalistas embedded é de igual modo uma importante técnica de recolha de dados, no sentido de obter o testemu-nho o mais aproximado possível da realidade. A inovação não anula, antes transforma o que já existe anteriormente, pelo que é fulcral entender os que viram as “dores de cresci-mento” do paradigma de jornalismo Embedded no que diz respeito à suficiência/adequação dos mecanismos de proteção dos jornalistas integrados em contexto militar.
No pressuposto de guerra proporcional e justa, o Direito Internacional Público dos Conflitos Armados enquadra a proteção dos jornalistas. Sem prejuízo do elevadíssimo valor dos quadros normativos atingidos desde o fim século passado, surge a necessidade de refletir de forma mais profunda sobre o enquadramento no normativo legal no período pós guerra, porque o conflito é e será diferente, como bem demonstra a 68ª Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas sobre a segurança dos jornalistas e a questão da impunidade do qual decorre o plano de ação marcado pela simbiótica entre organizações com conhecimentos de causa e factos.
A polemologia permite a compreensão do paradigma das Guerras Novas, não clau-sewitzianas que refletem a permeabilidade da segurança e defesa à nova tipologia de ameaça e conflito.
A Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte, responsável por retomar o conceito de Embedding, na guerra do Iraque em 2003, avança neste novo milénio com orientações e estratégias para este novo horizonte forjado pelo terrorismo, insurreições e subversões cada vez mais urbanas com o contributo da Internet das coisas. Esta também implica uma nova perceção sobre a sociedade civil, que assiste hoje, a cenários menos feios de guerras na ilusão de que portanto, são menos letais. Reclama e exige o fortalecimento das margens normativas internacionais para a guerra e para a paz, quando a neblina da impunidade é cada vez mais densa.
A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação Ciência e Cultura Pública Indi-cadores de Segurança de Jornalistas, elencando quatro categorias cujas ações podem ter impacto direto na segurança dos jornalistas, onde não ficam isentas a sociedade civil e aca-démica. Exige-se por isso e pelo fortalecimento operacional de defesa e proteção, a melho-ria simbiótica entre a sociedade castrense e civil.
Informação e formação são conceitos próximos distanciados paulatinamente pela atual sociedade de conhecimento. Sob pena de continuar sensacionalista, assente em perce-ções jornalísticas e livrescas, compete-nos a nós, sociedade castrense, liderar de forma ine-quívoca a conceção e operacionalização da formação no sentido de dotar a sociedade civil de conhecimento deveras útil à proteção adequada aos jornalistas embedded para a sua própria segurança, em zonas de conflito armado.
Estaremos assim a beneficiar a nossa missão de assegurar a segurança nacional e internacional que impele os militares para o Teatro de Operações. Não são os jornalistas. Muito antes, pelo contrário.
This Applied Research Paper, entitled "Protection of journalists from within the military context", will attempt to answer the following central question: "Is the protection of journalists in conflict zones guaranteed?". In a war mission, the soldier's mission is to fight. It is advocated by implicit strategic tactics and operational tactics that can not be compromised, even on the auspices of the supreme, universal and alienable of the freedom of expression of man. It is imperative that this be kept free, alive and not rescued in inhuman conditions. Individual freedom is totally justified, but it can never be the motive for annihilation and innocent victims. With a qualitative approach, by the inductive and descriptive methods on the international normative framework regarding the protection of embedded journalists, it results from the bibliographical review and other documentary sources. The interview, 6 embedded journalists is also an important technique of data collection, in order to get the test as close to reality as possible. Innovation does not annul, it transforms what already exists before, so it is crucial to understand those who saw the "growth pains" of the Embedded journalism paradigm with respect to the sufficiency / adequacy of the protection mechanisms of the journalists integrated in the military context. In the assumption of proportional and just war, the International Public Law of Armed Conflict fits the protection of journalists. Notwithstanding the very high value of the normative frameworks reached since the end of the last century, there is a need to reflect more deeply on the legal framework in the post-war period, because the conflict is and will be different, as the 68th General Assembly demonstrates of the United Nations on the security of journalists and the issue of impunity from which the symbiotic action plan between well-informed organizations and facts is based. Polemology allows the understanding of the paradigm of the New Wars, not clau-sewitzianas that reflect the permeability of the security and defense to the new typology of threat and conflict. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, responsible for retaking the concept of Embedding, in the Iraq War in 2003, is advancing in this new millennium with guidelines and strategies for this new horizon forged by terrorism, insurrections and increasingly urban subversions with the contribution of Internet of things. It also implies a new insight into civil society, which is now witnessing less ugly scenarios of wars in the illusion that they are therefore less lethal. It calls for and demands the strengthening of international normative margins for war and for peace, when the haze of impunity is increasingly dense. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization publishes Journalists' Security Indicators, listing four categories whose actions may have a direct impact on the safety of journalists, where civil society and academics are not exempt. This requires, and for the operational strengthening of defense and protection, the symbiotic improvement between the military and civil society. Information and training are concepts that are gradually distanced by the current knowledge society. It is incumbent on us, the military society, to lead in an unqualified way the conception and operationalization of training in sense of providing civil society with knowledge that is useful to the adequate protection of embedded journalists for their own security in areas of armed conflict. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization publishes Journalists Security Indicators, listing four categories whose actions may have a direct impact on the safety of journalists, where civil society and academics are not exempt. This requires, and for the operational strengthening of defense and protection, the symbiotic improvement between the military and civil society. Information and training are concepts that are gradually distanced by the current knowledge society. It is incumbent on us, the military society, to lead in an unqualified way the conception and operationalization of training in sense of providing civil society with knowledge that is useful to the adequate protection of embedded journalists for their own security in areas of armed conflict.
This Applied Research Paper, entitled "Protection of journalists from within the military context", will attempt to answer the following central question: "Is the protection of journalists in conflict zones guaranteed?". In a war mission, the soldier's mission is to fight. It is advocated by implicit strategic tactics and operational tactics that can not be compromised, even on the auspices of the supreme, universal and alienable of the freedom of expression of man. It is imperative that this be kept free, alive and not rescued in inhuman conditions. Individual freedom is totally justified, but it can never be the motive for annihilation and innocent victims. With a qualitative approach, by the inductive and descriptive methods on the international normative framework regarding the protection of embedded journalists, it results from the bibliographical review and other documentary sources. The interview, 6 embedded journalists is also an important technique of data collection, in order to get the test as close to reality as possible. Innovation does not annul, it transforms what already exists before, so it is crucial to understand those who saw the "growth pains" of the Embedded journalism paradigm with respect to the sufficiency / adequacy of the protection mechanisms of the journalists integrated in the military context. In the assumption of proportional and just war, the International Public Law of Armed Conflict fits the protection of journalists. Notwithstanding the very high value of the normative frameworks reached since the end of the last century, there is a need to reflect more deeply on the legal framework in the post-war period, because the conflict is and will be different, as the 68th General Assembly demonstrates of the United Nations on the security of journalists and the issue of impunity from which the symbiotic action plan between well-informed organizations and facts is based. Polemology allows the understanding of the paradigm of the New Wars, not clau-sewitzianas that reflect the permeability of the security and defense to the new typology of threat and conflict. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, responsible for retaking the concept of Embedding, in the Iraq War in 2003, is advancing in this new millennium with guidelines and strategies for this new horizon forged by terrorism, insurrections and increasingly urban subversions with the contribution of Internet of things. It also implies a new insight into civil society, which is now witnessing less ugly scenarios of wars in the illusion that they are therefore less lethal. It calls for and demands the strengthening of international normative margins for war and for peace, when the haze of impunity is increasingly dense. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization publishes Journalists' Security Indicators, listing four categories whose actions may have a direct impact on the safety of journalists, where civil society and academics are not exempt. This requires, and for the operational strengthening of defense and protection, the symbiotic improvement between the military and civil society. Information and training are concepts that are gradually distanced by the current knowledge society. It is incumbent on us, the military society, to lead in an unqualified way the conception and operationalization of training in sense of providing civil society with knowledge that is useful to the adequate protection of embedded journalists for their own security in areas of armed conflict. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization publishes Journalists Security Indicators, listing four categories whose actions may have a direct impact on the safety of journalists, where civil society and academics are not exempt. This requires, and for the operational strengthening of defense and protection, the symbiotic improvement between the military and civil society. Information and training are concepts that are gradually distanced by the current knowledge society. It is incumbent on us, the military society, to lead in an unqualified way the conception and operationalization of training in sense of providing civil society with knowledge that is useful to the adequate protection of embedded journalists for their own security in areas of armed conflict.
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Keywords
Direito Internacional Público Defesa Proteção Conflito Armado Impunidade