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Mecanismos bioquímicos da influência da dieta na cárie dentária : revisão narrativa
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Abstract(s)
A manutenção de uma saúde geral e oral ideal requer uma nutrição equilibrada, composta por hidratos de carbono, proteínas e minerais. Neste contexto, as carências nutricionais podem desencadear diversas condições relacionadas com a saúde oral, tais como a cárie dentária e as doenças periodontais, além de comprometer a função das glândulas salivares, afetando consequentemente a saúde sistémica.
A cárie dentária é uma das doenças mais prevalentes no mundo. Possui uma origem multifatorial, infecciosa e pós-eruptiva, caracterizada por uma destruição dinâmica localizada nos tecidos dentários mineralizados. A cárie dentária resulta da interação, ao longo do tempo, entre má higiene oral, fatores microbiológicos e dietéticos num hospedeiro suscetível. O ponto central desse processo é o desequilíbrio entre os mecanismos de desmineralização e remineralização do esmalte.
O desenvolvimento da cárie dentária está intimamente relacionado com o consumo frequente de hidratos de carbono fermentáveis e que são metabolizados bioquimicamente pelas bactérias presentes no biofilme dentário, como o Streptococcus mutans e os lactobacilos. Este processo resulta na formação de ácidos dos quais o ácido láctico desempenha um papel crucial na dissolução do conteúdo mineral dos dentes e consequentemente o aparecimento de lesões de cárie.
Com o propósito de prevenir novas lesões de cárie, recomenda-se uma combinação de medidas preventivas, como a manutenção de uma boa higiene oral, a redução do consumo de açúcares, o uso de flúor e a aplicação de selantes.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão narrativa sobre a cárie dentária, abordando os mecanismos bioquímicos que ocorrem na cavidade oral e que explicam a influência da dieta no desenvolvimento da cárie dentária, bem como as estratégias preventivas eficazes para reduzir a sua prevalência.
The maintenance of optimal general and oral health requires a balanced diet composed of carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals. In this context, nutritional deficiencies can trigger various conditions related to oral health, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases, as well as compromise the function of the salivary glands, consequently affecting systemic health. Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. It has a multifactorial, infectious, and post-eruptive origin, characterized by a dynamic localized destruction of the mineralized dental tissues. Dental caries results from the long-term interaction between poor oral hygiene, microbiological and dietary factors in a susceptible host. The central point of this process is the imbalance between the mechanisms of enamel demineralization and remineralization. The development of dental caries is closely related to the frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates, which are biochemically metabolized by bacteria present in the dental biofilm, such as Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. This process results in the formation of acids, among which lactic acid plays a crucial role in dissolving the mineral content of the teeth, consequently leading to the appearance of carious lesions. To prevent new carious lesions, a combination of preventive measures is recommended, such as maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar intake, using fluoride, and applying sealants. The present study aims to conduct a narrative review on dental caries, addressing the biochemical mechanisms that occur in the oral cavity and explain the influence of diet on the development of dental caries, as well as the effective preventive strategies to reduce its prevalence.
The maintenance of optimal general and oral health requires a balanced diet composed of carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals. In this context, nutritional deficiencies can trigger various conditions related to oral health, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases, as well as compromise the function of the salivary glands, consequently affecting systemic health. Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. It has a multifactorial, infectious, and post-eruptive origin, characterized by a dynamic localized destruction of the mineralized dental tissues. Dental caries results from the long-term interaction between poor oral hygiene, microbiological and dietary factors in a susceptible host. The central point of this process is the imbalance between the mechanisms of enamel demineralization and remineralization. The development of dental caries is closely related to the frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates, which are biochemically metabolized by bacteria present in the dental biofilm, such as Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. This process results in the formation of acids, among which lactic acid plays a crucial role in dissolving the mineral content of the teeth, consequently leading to the appearance of carious lesions. To prevent new carious lesions, a combination of preventive measures is recommended, such as maintaining good oral hygiene, reducing sugar intake, using fluoride, and applying sealants. The present study aims to conduct a narrative review on dental caries, addressing the biochemical mechanisms that occur in the oral cavity and explain the influence of diet on the development of dental caries, as well as the effective preventive strategies to reduce its prevalence.
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
Cárie dentária Desmineralização Dieta Microbiota oral