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Publication
O potencial da IOT nas autarquias locais: o caso da recolha de RSU em Setúbal
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| 5.12 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
A chegada de novas tecnologias pode mudar toda uma forma de executar atividades ou
processos, tornando-os mais eficientes, mais baratos e sustentáveis. A Internet of Things ou Internet
das Coisas (em português), veio revolucionar a forma como ligamos simples objetos à internet
podendo assim efetuar comunicações bilaterais com os mesmos. Neste preciso momento, as mais
variadas marcas estão a adaptar os seus produtos a esta nova realidade, quer seja com o objetivo de
se tornarem mais competitivos ou como seguidores dos mais inovadores.
No âmbito dos governos e dos serviços públicos, mais precisamente das câmaras municipais,
o objetivo destas organizações é servir as populações e prestar-lhes o melhor serviço possível, tendo
em conta a limitação de recursos, sejam eles financeiros, humanos ou materiais. Na realidade, o
grande desafio é a gestão dos recursos limitados existentes conseguindo um patamar de eficiência que
permita consolidar as necessidades aos recursos disponíveis e, em situações mais extremas, conseguir
uma redução de custos.
Para este projeto e de entre as várias áreas em que é possível idealizar projetos de IoT a
desenvolver numa Câmara Municipal, foi escolhida a área do ambiente, mais precisamente a recolha
dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU). A escolha desta atividade recai principalmente devido à alta
visibilidade e importância junto das populações, mas também porque a mesma é regida pelo princípio
do utilizador-pagador em que o munícipe paga pelos resíduos que produz. Caso seja possível uma
redução de custos, as populações serão as principais beneficiadas.
O projeto em estudo possui duas fases distintas: uma primeira que consiste na elaboração de
um protótipo de verificação do funcionamento técnico e uma segunda fase que compreende o estudo
do impacto económico e financeiro da aplicação do protótipo na recolha dos resíduos sólidos urbanos.
A primeira fase descreve sucintamente em que consiste o protótipo construído,
nomeadamente os seus componentes, o funcionamento dos mesmos e a forma de assemblagem.
A segunda fase analisa detalhadamente os custos envolvidos na atividade de recolha de RSU,
o investimento necessário ao desenvolvimento do projeto e é investigada uma possível redução de
custos perante três cenários distintos de redução de paragens nas rotas de recolha de RSU.
A redução de custos proposta assenta na utilização do protótipo descrito na primeira fase com
base na IoT que, uma vez instalado em cada contentor de recolha de RSU, efetua uma leitura
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volumétrica, indicando um valor de preenchimento. Ao efetuar leituras diárias a cada contentor
permite saber quais os contentores que não necessitam de recolha, informando o motorista da viatura
de recolha que hoje a sua rota terá menos pontos de recolha que o habitual ou até mesmo uma nova
rota, otimizando a recolha dos RSU e atingindo uma redução de custos operacionais.
A análise financeira efetuada envolve os custos de implementação do dispositivo em cada um
dos contentores, os custos diretos dos recursos humanos afetos apenas à recolha dos RSU e os custos
operacionais das viaturas, assim como a poupança conseguida. Considerando os custos de
implementação como um investimento, o estudo conclui que o payback do projeto é inferior a 22
meses em qualquer dos cenários analisados.
Perante esta avaliação, podemos considerar que este é um projeto certamente a desenvolver,
podendo dar inicio à transformação de uma cidade num laboratório de criação de uma smart city,
utilizando o know-how técnico existente na Câmara Municipal e a visão estratégica para o futuro da
cidade.
The arrival of new technologies can change a whole way of executing activities or processes, making them more efficient, cheaper and sustainable. The Internet of Things, has revolutionized the way we link simple objects to the Internet with the ability to make making bilateral communications. At this very moment, the most varied brands are adapting their products to this new reality, whether with the goal of becoming more competitive or as followers of the most innovative companies. By creating these products, companies want to reach a wide range of stakeholders, from manufacturers to developers, always having sales as their primary goal. Throughout the life cycle of a product, it has several target audiences, starting in large companies (and in some government), and only afterwards the common end consumers, mainly due to the high sale price of the products at its launch, not all stakeholders have the financial capacity to invest in new technologies. In the context of governments and public services, specifically municipal councils, the objectives of these organizations are always to serve the population and provide them with the best possible service, considering the limited resources, be they financial, human or material. The great challenge is to manage the existing limited resources and achieve a level of efficiency that allows to consolidate the needs to available resources and in extreme situations, to achieve a reduction of costs. For this project and among the various areas in which it is possible to design IoT projects to be developed in a City Hall, the chosen area was the environment, more specifically the collection of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The choice of this activity is mainly due to the high visibility and importance to the populations, but also because it is governed by the user-pays principle in which the citizen pays for the waste that he produces. If it is possible to reduce costs, populations will be the main beneficiaries. The project under study has two distinct phases: a first one consisting of the elaboration of a prototype of verification of the technical operation and a second phase that includes the study of the economic and financial impact of the application of the prototype in the collection of municipal solid waste. The first phase briefly describes the prototype designed, namely its components, their operation and the form of assembly. The second phase analyses in detail all the costs involved in the MSW collection activity, with a special focus on direct costs (fuel and human resources), and a possible reduction of costs is investigated in the face of three distinct scenarios for the reduction of stops on MSW collection routes. The proposed cost reduction is based on the use of the prototype described in the first stage based on IoT, which once installed in each MSW collection container, can do volumetric reading, indicating a fill value. When doing daily readings to each container, it is possible to know which containers do not need to be collected, informing the driver of the vehicle that today his route will have fewer collection points than usual or even a new route, optimizing the collection of MSW and reaching a reduction in operating costs. The analysis involves the costs of implementing the device in each of the containers, the direct costs of the human resources concerned only to the collection of MSW and the operating costs of the vehicles, as well as the savings achieved. Considering the implementation costs as an investment, the study concludes that the project payback point is less than 22 months in any of the scenarios analysed. Given this evaluation, we can consider that this is a project certainly to be developed and can start the transformation of a city into a laboratory to create a smart city, using the technical know-how existing in the organization and the strategic vision for the future of a city.
The arrival of new technologies can change a whole way of executing activities or processes, making them more efficient, cheaper and sustainable. The Internet of Things, has revolutionized the way we link simple objects to the Internet with the ability to make making bilateral communications. At this very moment, the most varied brands are adapting their products to this new reality, whether with the goal of becoming more competitive or as followers of the most innovative companies. By creating these products, companies want to reach a wide range of stakeholders, from manufacturers to developers, always having sales as their primary goal. Throughout the life cycle of a product, it has several target audiences, starting in large companies (and in some government), and only afterwards the common end consumers, mainly due to the high sale price of the products at its launch, not all stakeholders have the financial capacity to invest in new technologies. In the context of governments and public services, specifically municipal councils, the objectives of these organizations are always to serve the population and provide them with the best possible service, considering the limited resources, be they financial, human or material. The great challenge is to manage the existing limited resources and achieve a level of efficiency that allows to consolidate the needs to available resources and in extreme situations, to achieve a reduction of costs. For this project and among the various areas in which it is possible to design IoT projects to be developed in a City Hall, the chosen area was the environment, more specifically the collection of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The choice of this activity is mainly due to the high visibility and importance to the populations, but also because it is governed by the user-pays principle in which the citizen pays for the waste that he produces. If it is possible to reduce costs, populations will be the main beneficiaries. The project under study has two distinct phases: a first one consisting of the elaboration of a prototype of verification of the technical operation and a second phase that includes the study of the economic and financial impact of the application of the prototype in the collection of municipal solid waste. The first phase briefly describes the prototype designed, namely its components, their operation and the form of assembly. The second phase analyses in detail all the costs involved in the MSW collection activity, with a special focus on direct costs (fuel and human resources), and a possible reduction of costs is investigated in the face of three distinct scenarios for the reduction of stops on MSW collection routes. The proposed cost reduction is based on the use of the prototype described in the first stage based on IoT, which once installed in each MSW collection container, can do volumetric reading, indicating a fill value. When doing daily readings to each container, it is possible to know which containers do not need to be collected, informing the driver of the vehicle that today his route will have fewer collection points than usual or even a new route, optimizing the collection of MSW and reaching a reduction in operating costs. The analysis involves the costs of implementing the device in each of the containers, the direct costs of the human resources concerned only to the collection of MSW and the operating costs of the vehicles, as well as the savings achieved. Considering the implementation costs as an investment, the study concludes that the project payback point is less than 22 months in any of the scenarios analysed. Given this evaluation, we can consider that this is a project certainly to be developed and can start the transformation of a city into a laboratory to create a smart city, using the technical know-how existing in the organization and the strategic vision for the future of a city.
Description
Keywords
Administração Pública Câmara Municipal de Setúbal RSU SmartCity ESP32 Public administration City hall MSW