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Publication
Influência da genética e do ambiente no microbioma oral : importância dos estudos com gémeos
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O microbioma oral é um ecossistema complexo e dinâmico, essencial para a saúde humana. Abriga uma diversidade de microrganismos que interagem com o hospedeiro e o ambiente, mantendo a homeostasia da cavidade oral.
Compreender os fatores que moldam este ecossistema representa um dos grandes desafios da ciência biomédica contemporânea: em que medida a composição do microbioma oral é determinada pelo património genético, ou pelos fatores ambientais a que estamos expostos ao longo da vida?
O objetivo desta revisão narrativa foi, precisamente, reunir um conjunto de literatura científica recente, centrada na influência interdependente da genética e do ambiente na modulação do microbioma oral, com base no modelo dos estudos com gémeos. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi feita nas bases PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science, usando palavras-chave como: Microbioma Oral, Gémeos, Genética, Ambiente. Foram
considerados, maioritariamente, artigos publicados a partir de 2015.
Se fatores como dieta, higiene oral, uso de antibióticos, tabagismo e contexto socioeconómico influenciam profundamente o microbioma oral, também é reconhecido que fatores genéticos, imunológicos e epigenéticos podem impactar a estabilidade de certos perfis bacterianos. Perante esta complexidade, os estudos com gémeos impõem-se como uma metodologia de referência de valor inestimável, já amplamente utilizada noutras disciplinas da biomedicina, oferecendo uma oportunidade única e um modelo natural privilegiado para abordar esta problemática.
Ao comparar gémeos monozigóticos, com identidade genética quase idêntica, com gémeos dizigóticos, com semelhança genética comparável à de irmãos comuns, permitem isolar com maior precisão os efeitos da genética e do ambiente, identificar marcadores microbianos ou imunológicos específicos, reveladores da variabilidade fenotípica, e avaliar a heriditariedade das respostas imunológicas aos patogénios orais.
O crescente interesse por esses estudos decorre de sua importância na formulação de estratégias preventivas e terapêuticas personalizadas, ao permitirem distinguir com precisão fatores inatos e adquiridos, base fundamental para abordagens integrativas em saúde oral e sistêmica
The oral microbiome is a complex and dynamic ecosystem essential for human health. It harbors a diverse community of microorganisms that interact with the host and the environment, maintaining oral cavity homeostasis. Understanding the factors that shape this ecosystem represents one of the major challenges of contemporary biomedical science: to what extent is the composition of the oral microbiome determined by genetic heritage or by the environmental factors to which we are exposed throughout life? This narrative review aimed to compile recent literature on the interplay between genetics and environment in modulating the oral microbiome, using the twin study model. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using keywords, including: Oral Microbiome, Twins, Genetics, Environment. The review primarily considered scientific articles published from 2015 onwards. While factors such as diet, oral hygiene, antibiotic use, smoking, and socioeconomic context profoundly influence the oral microbiome, it is also recognized that genetic, immunological, and epigenetic factors can play a decisive role in the stability of certain bacterial profiles. Faced with this complexity, twin studies have established themselves as a reference methodology of inestimable value, already widely used in other disciplines of biomedicine, offering a unique opportunity and a privileged natural model to address this issue. By comparing monozygotic twins, who share an almost identical genetic makeup, with dizygotic twins, whose genetic similarity is comparable to that of ordinary siblings, these studies allow a more precise separation of genetic and environmental effects, identification of specific microbial or immunological markers revealing phenotypic variability, and assessment of the heritability of immune responses to oral pathogens. The growing interest in these studies lies in their role in developing personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies by accurately distinguishing innate and acquired factors, a foundation for integrative oral and systemic health approaches
The oral microbiome is a complex and dynamic ecosystem essential for human health. It harbors a diverse community of microorganisms that interact with the host and the environment, maintaining oral cavity homeostasis. Understanding the factors that shape this ecosystem represents one of the major challenges of contemporary biomedical science: to what extent is the composition of the oral microbiome determined by genetic heritage or by the environmental factors to which we are exposed throughout life? This narrative review aimed to compile recent literature on the interplay between genetics and environment in modulating the oral microbiome, using the twin study model. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using keywords, including: Oral Microbiome, Twins, Genetics, Environment. The review primarily considered scientific articles published from 2015 onwards. While factors such as diet, oral hygiene, antibiotic use, smoking, and socioeconomic context profoundly influence the oral microbiome, it is also recognized that genetic, immunological, and epigenetic factors can play a decisive role in the stability of certain bacterial profiles. Faced with this complexity, twin studies have established themselves as a reference methodology of inestimable value, already widely used in other disciplines of biomedicine, offering a unique opportunity and a privileged natural model to address this issue. By comparing monozygotic twins, who share an almost identical genetic makeup, with dizygotic twins, whose genetic similarity is comparable to that of ordinary siblings, these studies allow a more precise separation of genetic and environmental effects, identification of specific microbial or immunological markers revealing phenotypic variability, and assessment of the heritability of immune responses to oral pathogens. The growing interest in these studies lies in their role in developing personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies by accurately distinguishing innate and acquired factors, a foundation for integrative oral and systemic health approaches
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
Microbioma oral Gémeos Genética Ambiente