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Publication
Uso dos derivados de Cannabis sativa na Medicina Veterinária: alimento ou medicamento?
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A planta Cannabis sativa é reconhecida pelos seus diversos usos há milhares de anos. Para
além do uso industrial, com o avanço da ciência, as suas propriedades medicinais têm sido
evidenciadas graças à descoberta dos seus constituintes fitoterapêuticos. Recentemente, a
aplicação destes compostos, designados por fitocanabinóides, tem sido amplamente discutida
na saúde humana, e também no âmbito da medicina veterinária.
Os dois principais componentes com potencial terapêutico são o Δ9-tetrahidrocanabinol (Δ9-
THC) e o canabidiol (CBD), que são também os mais abundantes nas plantas do género
Cannabis spp.
A evolução do conhecimento sobre os fitocanabinóides deve-se também à descoberta do
sistema endógeno denominado sistema endocanabinóide. Este é um sistema complexo
constituído por três componentes: 1) ligandos endógenos, 2) recetores endógenos e 3) enzimas
responsáveis por degradar e sintetizar os ligandos. A compreensão deste sistema é fundamental
para entender a ação dos fitocanabinóides, pois percebeu-se que, para além dos canabinóides
endógenos, os fitocanabinóides também se ligam a estes recetores, com ações semelhantes.
Na medicina veterinária, a sua ação tem sido estudada em algumas patologias, tais como,
osteoartrite, oncologia, doenças parasitárias, nomeadamente malária e ectoparasitas, tendo sido
também estudadas as suas propriedades antimicrobianas.
Em Portugal, atualmente, já existe autorização de utilização de dois medicamentos e de uma
preparação, contendo Δ9-THC e CBD, para uso humano. Contudo, relativamente à medicina
veterinária não estão autorizados suplementos alimentares contendo fitocanabinóides, nem
fármacos disponíveis. Apenas o uso das sementes de cânhamo (seja inteira, como farinha ou
sob a forma de óleo) está reconhecido pela Agência Europeia de Segurança Alimentar.
Dada a atualidade do tema, e considerando o interesse crescente, à semelhança do que
acontece no âmbito da medicina humana, esta revisão reveste-se de elevada pertinência, como
forma de contribuir para análise e discussão dos principais aspetos relacionados com a eficácia
e segurança destas formulações, bem como o seu enquadramento legal aplicável nas várias
vertentes de utilização.
The Cannabis sativa plant has been recognized for its diverse uses for thousands of years. Due to the advance of science and the discovery of phytotherapeutic constituents, its medicinal properties have been highlighted, in addition to industrial use. Lately, the use of these constituents called phytocannabinoids has been widely discussed in human health, and in the veterinary medicine scope. The two main components with therapeutic potential are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which are also the most abundant in Cannabis spp plants. The evolution of knowledge about phytocannabinoids is partly due to the discovery of the endogenous system called the endocannabinoid system. This is a complex system consisting of three components: 1) endogenous ligands, 2) endogenous receptors and 3) enzymes responsible for degrading and synthesizing the ligands. Understanding this system is essential to comprehend the action of phytocannabinoids, as it was realized that in addition to endogenous cannabinoids, phytocannabinoids can also bind and have a similar action. In veterinary medicine, phytocannabinoids has been studied in some pathologies, such as osteoarthritis, oncology, parasitic diseases, like malaria and ectoparasites, and their antimicrobial properties have also been discussed. In Portugal, the human use of two medicines and one preparation containing Δ9-THC and CBD have been authorized. However, there is no authorized veterinary medicinal product or food supplements comprising phytocannabinoids available for veterinary use. Only the use of hemp seeds (either whole, as flour or in the form of oil) is currently recognized by the European Food Safety Agency. Considering the growing interest in this topic, similarly to human medicine, this review emphasizes relevant aspects related to phytocannabinoids thus contributing to the analysis and discussion of effectiveness and safety issues related to these formulations, as well as its legal framework.
The Cannabis sativa plant has been recognized for its diverse uses for thousands of years. Due to the advance of science and the discovery of phytotherapeutic constituents, its medicinal properties have been highlighted, in addition to industrial use. Lately, the use of these constituents called phytocannabinoids has been widely discussed in human health, and in the veterinary medicine scope. The two main components with therapeutic potential are Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which are also the most abundant in Cannabis spp plants. The evolution of knowledge about phytocannabinoids is partly due to the discovery of the endogenous system called the endocannabinoid system. This is a complex system consisting of three components: 1) endogenous ligands, 2) endogenous receptors and 3) enzymes responsible for degrading and synthesizing the ligands. Understanding this system is essential to comprehend the action of phytocannabinoids, as it was realized that in addition to endogenous cannabinoids, phytocannabinoids can also bind and have a similar action. In veterinary medicine, phytocannabinoids has been studied in some pathologies, such as osteoarthritis, oncology, parasitic diseases, like malaria and ectoparasites, and their antimicrobial properties have also been discussed. In Portugal, the human use of two medicines and one preparation containing Δ9-THC and CBD have been authorized. However, there is no authorized veterinary medicinal product or food supplements comprising phytocannabinoids available for veterinary use. Only the use of hemp seeds (either whole, as flour or in the form of oil) is currently recognized by the European Food Safety Agency. Considering the growing interest in this topic, similarly to human medicine, this review emphasizes relevant aspects related to phytocannabinoids thus contributing to the analysis and discussion of effectiveness and safety issues related to these formulations, as well as its legal framework.
Description
Keywords
Δ9-tetrahidrocanabinol Canabidiol Cannabis spp Fitocanabinóides Medicina veterinária Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabidiol; Phytocannabinoids; Veterinary medicine