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Abordagem à valorização orgânica e energética de efluentes pecuários de suiniculturas em unidades biogás
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Com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto ambiental decorrente da atividade de produção
intensiva de suínos, na perspetiva da implementação de um sistema de valorização
orgânica através da digestão anaeróbica numa unidade de produção de biogás in situ e
da valorização agrícola do digerido, foi feita uma abordagem comparativa através de
dados bibliográficos publicados, do impacto potencial das emissões relevantes, em
alternativa à valorização agrícola do chorume.
Numa primeira parte são analisados os impactos ambientais da suinicultura intensiva,
como as emissões de amoníaco, gases de efeito estufa, odores e contaminação do solo
e água, além de elencar o enquadramento legal e as melhores práticas para gestão de
efluentes. Faz-se ainda alusão à legislação aplicável, como a Portaria que define o
regime aplicável à gestão de efluentes pecuários, a Diretiva Nitratos e o Código de Boas
Práticas Agrícolas.
Na segunda parte do trabalho, a digestão anaeróbica é destacada como uma solução
sustentável, permitindo a produção de biogás como fonte de energia renovável e de
digerido como fertilizante orgânico. Estudos indicam que essa tecnologia reduz
emissões de gases de efeito estufa e odores, mas pode aumentar emissões de amoníaco
e requer boas práticas na aplicação do digerido no sentido de minimizar impactos
ambientais, como lixiviação de nitratos. Enfatiza-se a necessidade de pesquisa contínua
para otimizar o processo e reduzir emissões.
Conclui-se que a valorização em unidades de biogás é uma alternativa viável para
promover a economia circular, mas exige planeamento técnico, ambiental e económico
para garantir a sua eficácia.
With the aim of assessing the environmental impact resulting from intensive pig production activities, from the perspective of implementing an organic recovery system through anaerobic digestion in an in situ biogas production unit and the agricultural recovery of the digestate, a comparative published bibliographic data approach was made, of the potential impact of relevant emissions, as an alternative to the agricultural recovery of the slurry. The first part analyzes the environmental impacts of intensive pig farming, such as ammonia emissions, greenhouse gases, odors, and soil and water contamination, as well as listing the legal framework and best practices for effluent management. Reference is also made to applicable legislation, such as the legal document that defines the applicable regime to livestock effluent management, the Nitrates Directive, and the Code of Good Agricultural Practices. In the second part of the work, anaerobic digestion is highlighted as a sustainable solution, allowing the production of biogas as a renewable energy source and digestate as an organic fertilizer. Studies indicate that this technology reduces greenhouse gas emissions and odors, but it can increase ammonia emissions and requires good practices in the application of digestate in order to minimize environmental impacts, such as nitrate leaching. The need for continuous research to optimize the process and reduce emissions is emphasized. It is concluded that valorization in biogas units is a viable alternative to promote the circular economy, but requires technical, environmental and economic planning to guarantee its effectiveness.
With the aim of assessing the environmental impact resulting from intensive pig production activities, from the perspective of implementing an organic recovery system through anaerobic digestion in an in situ biogas production unit and the agricultural recovery of the digestate, a comparative published bibliographic data approach was made, of the potential impact of relevant emissions, as an alternative to the agricultural recovery of the slurry. The first part analyzes the environmental impacts of intensive pig farming, such as ammonia emissions, greenhouse gases, odors, and soil and water contamination, as well as listing the legal framework and best practices for effluent management. Reference is also made to applicable legislation, such as the legal document that defines the applicable regime to livestock effluent management, the Nitrates Directive, and the Code of Good Agricultural Practices. In the second part of the work, anaerobic digestion is highlighted as a sustainable solution, allowing the production of biogas as a renewable energy source and digestate as an organic fertilizer. Studies indicate that this technology reduces greenhouse gas emissions and odors, but it can increase ammonia emissions and requires good practices in the application of digestate in order to minimize environmental impacts, such as nitrate leaching. The need for continuous research to optimize the process and reduce emissions is emphasized. It is concluded that valorization in biogas units is a viable alternative to promote the circular economy, but requires technical, environmental and economic planning to guarantee its effectiveness.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Efluentes pecuários Biogás Digerido Valorização agrícola Livestock manure Biogas Digestate Agronomical valorization