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O inimigo no ecrã: o discurso antimedia como estratégia populista contemporânea
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O presente trabalho tem como objeto de estudo o Populismo Antimedia, entendido como uma estratégia discursiva adotada por líderes populistas para descredibilizar os meios de comunicação tradicionais. Através da construção de uma retórica hostil aos media, esses líderes procuram reforçar a sua autoridade simbólica, mobilizar o apoio popular e contornar os mecanismos tradicionais de escrutínio democrático. Num contexto global marcado pela crise da confiança nas instituições, pelo crescimento da desinformação e pela polarização nas redes sociais, o discurso antimedia tornou-se uma das principais armas do populismo contemporâneo. A investigação parte de uma revisão teórica e empírica da literatura especializada, complementada por exemplos de líderes populistas de diferentes contextos ideológicos e geográficos. É também analisado o papel das plataformas digitais na desintermediação da comunicação política e na propagação de discursos que colocam os jornalistas como “inimigos do povo”. Através desta abordagem, procura-se compreender como o populismo transforma o ecossistema mediático, desafia os princípios do jornalismo profissional e fragiliza a esfera pública democrática. Particular atenção é dada ao caso português e ao crescimento do partido Chega, que tem recorrido sistematicamente ao discurso antimedia como ferramenta de afirmação política. A análise deste caso permite refletir sobre a forma como o populismo de direita radical se insere no cenário europeu e como se adapta às especificidades do espaço mediático nacional.
A dissertação organiza-se em seis capítulos que abordam, sequencialmente, a definição teórica do populismo antimedia, a sua relação com os meios de comunicação, o impacto das redes sociais e da desinformação, os efeitos na credibilidade jornalística e os caminhos possíveis para fortalecer o jornalismo num tempo de desconfiança. Como conclusão, destaca-se a urgência de reforçar a literacia mediática, a regulação democrática das plataformas digitais e a independência do jornalismo como pilares fundamentais de uma democracia saudável. Este estudo pretende, assim, contribuir para o debate sobre os desafios contemporâneos que o jornalismo enfrenta, alertando para os riscos que a retórica populista representa para a liberdade de imprensa e para a qualidade da deliberação pública.
This dissertation explores the phenomenon of Antimedia Populism, understood as a discursive and communicative strategy employed by populist leaders to delegitimize traditional media outlets. By constructing a hostile narrative toward the press, these leaders seek to reinforce their symbolic authority, mobilize public support, and bypass conventional mechanisms of democratic accountability. In a global context marked by institutional distrust, the rise of disinformation, and social media-fueled polarization, the antimedia discourse has become one of the central tools of contemporary populism. The research draws on a comprehensive theoretical and empirical review of the literature, combined with case studies of populist leaders across different ideological and geographical contexts. Special attention is given to the role of digital platforms in facilitating direct communication and amplifying discourses that frame journalists as “enemies of the people.” This approach sheds light on how populism reshapes the media ecosystem, challenges professional journalism, and weakens democratic public discourse. A specific focus is placed on the Portuguese case and the rise of the Chega party, which has consistently used antimedia rhetoric as a strategy for political visibility and legitimacy. The analysis of this case offers insights into how radical right-wing populism in Portugal reflects broader European trends while adapting to local media and political dynamics. The dissertation is structured into six chapters, which sequentially explore the theoretical definition of antimedia populism, its relationship with the media, the impact of digital communication and disinformation, its consequences for press credibility, and the potential strategies to strengthen journalism in times of distrust. The concluding reflections emphasize the urgency of reinforcing media literacy, democratically regulating digital platforms, and protecting journalistic independence as essential foundations of democratic resilience. This study seeks to contribute to the growing academic and civic debate on the threats posed by populist communication to freedom of the press and the quality of public deliberation in contemporary democracies.
This dissertation explores the phenomenon of Antimedia Populism, understood as a discursive and communicative strategy employed by populist leaders to delegitimize traditional media outlets. By constructing a hostile narrative toward the press, these leaders seek to reinforce their symbolic authority, mobilize public support, and bypass conventional mechanisms of democratic accountability. In a global context marked by institutional distrust, the rise of disinformation, and social media-fueled polarization, the antimedia discourse has become one of the central tools of contemporary populism. The research draws on a comprehensive theoretical and empirical review of the literature, combined with case studies of populist leaders across different ideological and geographical contexts. Special attention is given to the role of digital platforms in facilitating direct communication and amplifying discourses that frame journalists as “enemies of the people.” This approach sheds light on how populism reshapes the media ecosystem, challenges professional journalism, and weakens democratic public discourse. A specific focus is placed on the Portuguese case and the rise of the Chega party, which has consistently used antimedia rhetoric as a strategy for political visibility and legitimacy. The analysis of this case offers insights into how radical right-wing populism in Portugal reflects broader European trends while adapting to local media and political dynamics. The dissertation is structured into six chapters, which sequentially explore the theoretical definition of antimedia populism, its relationship with the media, the impact of digital communication and disinformation, its consequences for press credibility, and the potential strategies to strengthen journalism in times of distrust. The concluding reflections emphasize the urgency of reinforcing media literacy, democratically regulating digital platforms, and protecting journalistic independence as essential foundations of democratic resilience. This study seeks to contribute to the growing academic and civic debate on the threats posed by populist communication to freedom of the press and the quality of public deliberation in contemporary democracies.
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Populismo Discurso Antimedia Meios de Comunicação Desinformação Jornalismo Redes Sociais Democracia Populism Antimedia Discourse Media Disinformation Journalism Social Media Democracy