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Eletroquimioterapia - Uma Solução Terapêutica para Melanoma Oral Maligno Canino
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Abstract(s)
As doenças oncológicas representam uma das principais preocupações tanto para os médicos
veterinários especializados nesta área como para os tutores dos animais afetados. Ao longo dos anos,
tem-se verificado que terapias tradicionalmente utilizadas no tratamento destas patologias, como a
excisão cirúrgica total, a radioterapia ou a quimioterapia sistémica isoladas, estão atualmente a ser
combinadas com novas abordagens ou mesmo substituídas em certos casos, permitindo alcançar
resultados clínicos bastante promissores. O melanoma é o tumor maligno oral mais comum em cães,
caracterizando-se por um comportamento agressivo e um prognóstico reservado. O seu diagnóstico
baseia-se em citologia, biópsia e imunohistoquímica (IHQ), sendo o estadiamento tumoral essencial
para a definição do seu tratamento.
A eletroquimioterapia (EQT) é uma modalidade terapêutica emergente, localmente ablativa,
constituindo uma das novas opções no tratamento de vários processos neoplásicos superficiais,
nomeadamente no melanoma oral maligno canino. Esta combina a administração de baixas doses de
agentes quimioterápicos, como a bleomicina e a cisplatina, com a administração de pulsos elétricos
(PE). Estes PE promovem o fenómeno designado de eletroporação, de forma a aumentar a
permeabilidade das células tumorais de modo que estas entrem em apoptose, preservando, em
simultâneo, os tecidos adjacentes com minimização dos efeitos secundários.
Apesar das vantagens evidenciadas, a implementação da EQT ainda apresenta algumas limitações
como a necessidade de equipamentos específicos, a obrigatoriedade de anestesia e a variabilidade de
resposta, consoante o diagnóstico histológico do tecido e a localização do tumor. No entanto, novas
perspetivas ao nível de investigação e da clínica de animais de companhia poderão ultrapassar estas
limitações e contribuir para a implementação da EQT como principal técnica terapêutica para o
melanoma oral maligno canino.
Oncological diseases are among the primary concerns for both veterinary specialists in this field and the owners of affected animals. Over the years, it has been observed that therapies traditionally used in the treatment of these pathologies, such as complete surgical excision, radiotherapy, or systemic chemotherapy alone, are now being combined with novel approaches or even replaced in certain cases, leading to highly promising clinical outcomes. Melanoma is the most common malignant oral tumour in dogs, characterised by aggressive behaviour and a poor prognosis. Its diagnosis is based on cytology, biopsy, and immunohistochemistry (IHC), with tumour staging being essential to define the appropriate treatment strategy. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an emerging, locally ablative therapeutic modality, representing one of the new treatment approaches for various superficial neoplasm, including canine malignant oral melanoma. This technique combines the administration of low doses of chemotherapeutic agents, such as bleomycin and cisplatin, with the application of electric pulses (EPs). These EPs induce a phenomenon known as electroporation, increasing the permeability of tumour cells to promote apoptosis while simultaneously preserving adjacent tissues and minimising side effects. Despite its evident advantages, the implementation of ECT still presents some limitations, including the need for specific equipment, the requirement for anesthesia, and variability in response depending on the histological diagnosis of tissue and tumor location. However, new advances in research and companion animal clinical practice may overcome these limitations and support the adoption of ECT as a primary therapeutic approach for canine oral malignant melanoma.
Oncological diseases are among the primary concerns for both veterinary specialists in this field and the owners of affected animals. Over the years, it has been observed that therapies traditionally used in the treatment of these pathologies, such as complete surgical excision, radiotherapy, or systemic chemotherapy alone, are now being combined with novel approaches or even replaced in certain cases, leading to highly promising clinical outcomes. Melanoma is the most common malignant oral tumour in dogs, characterised by aggressive behaviour and a poor prognosis. Its diagnosis is based on cytology, biopsy, and immunohistochemistry (IHC), with tumour staging being essential to define the appropriate treatment strategy. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is an emerging, locally ablative therapeutic modality, representing one of the new treatment approaches for various superficial neoplasm, including canine malignant oral melanoma. This technique combines the administration of low doses of chemotherapeutic agents, such as bleomycin and cisplatin, with the application of electric pulses (EPs). These EPs induce a phenomenon known as electroporation, increasing the permeability of tumour cells to promote apoptosis while simultaneously preserving adjacent tissues and minimising side effects. Despite its evident advantages, the implementation of ECT still presents some limitations, including the need for specific equipment, the requirement for anesthesia, and variability in response depending on the histological diagnosis of tissue and tumor location. However, new advances in research and companion animal clinical practice may overcome these limitations and support the adoption of ECT as a primary therapeutic approach for canine oral malignant melanoma.
Description
Keywords
Bleomicina Canino Eletroquimioterapia Eletroporação Melanoma oral Oncologia veterinária Bleomycin Canine Electrochemotherapy Electroporation Oral melanoma Veterinary oncology