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Materiais de regeneração óssea para defeitos ósseos pós cirúrgicos
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Abstract(s)
A regeneração óssea tornou-se uma abordagem essencial na medicina dentária, especialmente no tratamento de defeitos resultantes de intervenções cirúrgicas, perdas dentárias ou condições patológicas. A crescente complexidade dos casos clínicos, aliada aos avanços científicos e tecnológicos, tem incentivado a utilização de biomateriais inovadores com o objetivo de restaurar a função mastigatória, a estética e a integridade óssea de forma previsível e segura.
O osso autólogo continua a ser considerado o gold standard, devido à sua biocompatibilidade e às propriedades osteogénicas, osteoindutoras e osteocondutoras. No entanto, as limitações na sua disponibilidade e os riscos associados à colheita têm impulsionado o recurso a alternativas, como os enxertos alogénicos, xenogénicos e materiais sintéticos. Destacam-se entre estes a hidroxiapatite (HA) e o fosfato beta-tricálcico (β-TCP), frequentemente utilizados em associação com a fibrina rica em plaquetas (PRF), que estimula a cicatrização e a regeneração óssea.
A escolha do biomaterial mais adequado exige uma análise criteriosa de parâmetros como a origem, estrutura, composição química, propriedades mecânicas e resposta biológica. O desenvolvimento de scaffolds (andaimes) bioativos, através de técnicas como a impressão tridimensional (3D), tem permitido soluções mais personalizadas e eficazes, especialmente quando associados a células estaminais mesenquimais (CTMs) e moléculas sinalizadoras.
Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre os materiais utilizados na regeneração óssea em defeitos pós-cirúrgicos, analisando as suas características, vantagens, limitações e aplicações clínicas, de forma clara e objetiva, facilitando a seleção do material mais apropriado a cada situação clínica.
Bone regeneration has become an essential approach in dental medicine, particularly in the treatment of defects resulting from surgical interventions, tooth loss, or pathological conditions. The increasing complexity of clinical cases, combined with scientific and technological advances, has encouraged the use of innovative biomaterials aimed at restoring masticatory function, aesthetics, and bone integrity in a predictable and safe manner. Autologous bone continues to be considered the gold standard due to its biocompatibility and its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive activities. However, limitations in availability and the risks associated with harvesting have led to the adoption of alternatives such as allogeneic, xenogeneic, and synthetic grafts. Among these, hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) stand out, often used in association with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), which stimulates healing and bone regeneration. The selection of the most appropriate biomaterial requires a careful analysis of parameters such as origin, structure, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and biological response. The development of bioactive scaffolds through techniques like 3D printing has enabled more personalized and effective solutions, especially when combined with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and signaling molecules. In this context, the aim of this work is to conduct a literature review on the materials used in bone regeneration for post-surgical defects, analysing their characteristics, advantages, limitations, and clinical applications in a clear and objective manner, in order to support clinicians in selecting the most suitable material for each specific clinical situation.
Bone regeneration has become an essential approach in dental medicine, particularly in the treatment of defects resulting from surgical interventions, tooth loss, or pathological conditions. The increasing complexity of clinical cases, combined with scientific and technological advances, has encouraged the use of innovative biomaterials aimed at restoring masticatory function, aesthetics, and bone integrity in a predictable and safe manner. Autologous bone continues to be considered the gold standard due to its biocompatibility and its osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive activities. However, limitations in availability and the risks associated with harvesting have led to the adoption of alternatives such as allogeneic, xenogeneic, and synthetic grafts. Among these, hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) stand out, often used in association with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), which stimulates healing and bone regeneration. The selection of the most appropriate biomaterial requires a careful analysis of parameters such as origin, structure, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and biological response. The development of bioactive scaffolds through techniques like 3D printing has enabled more personalized and effective solutions, especially when combined with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and signaling molecules. In this context, the aim of this work is to conduct a literature review on the materials used in bone regeneration for post-surgical defects, analysing their characteristics, advantages, limitations, and clinical applications in a clear and objective manner, in order to support clinicians in selecting the most suitable material for each specific clinical situation.
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
Bone regeneration Bone grafts Bone substitutes Biocompatible materials