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Impacto dos regimes alimentares, como o cetogénico, o jejum intermitente e o vegano na saúde oral
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Introdução: Nos últimos anos, dietas alternativas como a vegana, a cetogénica e o jejum intermitente ganharam grande visibilidade, motivadas por razões de saúde, convicções éticas, espirituais ou ambientais. Estas práticas, ainda que promissoras sob vários aspetos metabólicos, podem exercer repercussões diretas e indiretas na saúde oral.
Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar de forma crítica os impactos de três dietas alternativas (vegana, cetogénica e jejum intermitente) sobre a saúde oral, considerando riscos, benefícios, mecanismos fisiopatológicos e implicações para a prática clínica do médico dentista.
Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa com base em literatura científica. Foram incluídos artigos originais, revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos que abordassem as consequências destas dietas na cavidade oral, nomeadamente no metabolismo mineral, na resposta inflamatória, na microbiota oral, na saliva e nas manifestações mucosas.
Resultados: A dieta vegana associa-se frequentemente a carências em vitamina B12, ferro, cálcio, vitamina D e ácidos gordos essenciais, com manifestações orais como glossite, estomatodinia o a erosão ácida. A dieta cetogénica pode induzir halitose, xerostomia, alterações da microbiota oral também revele efeitos anti-inflamatórios potenciais. O jejum intermitente mostra impacto variável no fluxo salivar, na composição da microbiota e em marcadores inflamatórios, com resultados preliminares sugerindo benefícios periodontais.
Conclusão: As dietas alternativas exercem efeitos multifatoriais na saúde oral, que dependem tanto da adequação nutricional como do perfil individual do paciente. O médico dentista deve adotar uma abordagem integrativa e interdisciplinar, baseada na escuta ativa e no respeito pelas escolhas alimentares, para antecipar riscos e propor estratégias preventivas personalizadas.
Apesar dos avanços, são necessárias investigações mais robustas e de longo prazo para consolidar a evidência científica e orientar recomendações clínicas seguras.
Introduction: In recent years, alternative diets such as vegan, ketogenic, and intermittent fasting have gained significant visibility, motivated by health reasons as well as ethical, spiritual, or environmental convictions. Although promising in several metabolic aspects, these practices may have direct and indirect repercussions on oral health. Objective: This study aimed to critically analyze the impacts of three alternative diets (vegan, ketogenic, and intermittent fasting) on oral health, considering risks, benefits, pathophysiological mechanisms, and implications for dental clinical practice. Methods: A narrative review was conducted based on scientific literature. Original articles, systematic reviews, and clinical trials addressing the consequences of these diets on the oral cavity were included, particularly regarding mineral metabolism, inflammatory response, oral microbiota, saliva, and mucosal manifestations. Results: The vegan diet is frequently associated with deficiencies in vitamin B12, iron, calcium, vitamin D, and essential fatty acids, with oral manifestations such as glossitis, stomatodynia, or acid erosion. The ketogenic diet may induce halitosis, xerostomia, alterations in the oral microbiota, and also reveal potential anti-inflammatory effects. Intermittent fasting shows variable impact on salivary flow, microbiota composition, and inflammatory markers, with preliminary results suggesting periodontal benefits. Conclusion: Alternative diets exert multifactorial effects on oral health, which depend both on nutritional adequacy and the individual profile of the patient. Dentists should adopt an integrative and interdisciplinary approach, based on active listening and respect for dietary choices, in order to anticipate risks and propose personalized preventive strategies. Despite recent advances, more robust and long-term research is required to consolidate scientific evidence and guide safe clinical recommendations.
Introduction: In recent years, alternative diets such as vegan, ketogenic, and intermittent fasting have gained significant visibility, motivated by health reasons as well as ethical, spiritual, or environmental convictions. Although promising in several metabolic aspects, these practices may have direct and indirect repercussions on oral health. Objective: This study aimed to critically analyze the impacts of three alternative diets (vegan, ketogenic, and intermittent fasting) on oral health, considering risks, benefits, pathophysiological mechanisms, and implications for dental clinical practice. Methods: A narrative review was conducted based on scientific literature. Original articles, systematic reviews, and clinical trials addressing the consequences of these diets on the oral cavity were included, particularly regarding mineral metabolism, inflammatory response, oral microbiota, saliva, and mucosal manifestations. Results: The vegan diet is frequently associated with deficiencies in vitamin B12, iron, calcium, vitamin D, and essential fatty acids, with oral manifestations such as glossitis, stomatodynia, or acid erosion. The ketogenic diet may induce halitosis, xerostomia, alterations in the oral microbiota, and also reveal potential anti-inflammatory effects. Intermittent fasting shows variable impact on salivary flow, microbiota composition, and inflammatory markers, with preliminary results suggesting periodontal benefits. Conclusion: Alternative diets exert multifactorial effects on oral health, which depend both on nutritional adequacy and the individual profile of the patient. Dentists should adopt an integrative and interdisciplinary approach, based on active listening and respect for dietary choices, in order to anticipate risks and propose personalized preventive strategies. Despite recent advances, more robust and long-term research is required to consolidate scientific evidence and guide safe clinical recommendations.
Descrição
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Palavras-chave
Dieta vegana Dieta cetogénica Jejum intermitente Saúde oral Medicina dentária integrativa