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O uso de fitoterapia e aromaterapia como controlo parasitário em equídeos
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Abstract(s)
O parasitismo gastrointestinal é a causa de muitos distúrbios como a perda de peso, a apatia, a presença de pelos quebradiços, a presença de cólicas ou também a morte. Distinguem-se três grandes grupos de parasitas, os cestodes, que inclui a família Anoplocephalidae; os nematodes como Strongylidae, Oxyuridae e Ascarididae e, finalmente, larvas de insetos como as moscas Gasterophilus. O controlo eficaz das parasitoses é, assim, imprescindível, para preservar a saúde dos equídeos. A resistência dos parasitas a alguns anti-helmínticos sintéticos é um facto e verifica-se a existência de vários fatores ligados à atividade da criação de equídeos que favorecem o desenvolvimento dessa resistência, tais como: a frequência de tratamento, a dosagem ou, ainda, a remanescência de molécula. A fitoterapia, ou uso de plantas, e a aromaterapia, ou uso de compostos aromáticos de plantas, apresentam-se como alternativas interessantes para tratar e prevenir as parasitoses. As plantas medicinais com propriedades anti-helmínticas mais interessantes são as plantas com cetonas ou fenóis. Esses compostos atuam diretamente na cutícula dos parasitas ou tem efeito neurotóxico e podem também afetar a nutrição ou a reprodução dos parasitas adultos. Os óleos essenciais de alho (Allium sativum), cravo (Eugenia caryophyllus), canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), tomilho (Thymus vulgaris) e orégão (Origanum vulgare) têm efeitos parasiticidas. Provou-se que o óleo essencial de orégão e o seu composto, o carvacrol, reduz significativamente a eficiência da ativação da acetilcolina no ascarídeo Parascaris sp.. Um outro estudo, também demonstrou que o composto timol, contido no óleo essencial de tomilho, numa concentração de 0,5 mg/mL, inibe a eclosão de 98% das larvas do nematode Heamonchus contortus. De plantas não aromáticas, regista-se o exemplo das sementes de abóbora, cruas, que têm um papel relevante como metafilaxia, apoiando o sistema imunitário. No entanto, a sua toxicidade e o seu uso, requerem precauções significativas e um bom conhecimento dos extratos utilizados. As doses e diluições a aplicar variam de acordo com a via de administração, a sensibilidade do animal, além de fatores como o estado patológico, a gestação ou a idade. O controlo antiparasitário com compostos naturais parece ser uma boa alternativa à utilização de compostos sintéticos quanto mais não seja, pelo simples fato de não haver resistência conhecida pelos helmintes parasitas intestinais e que existe uma boa eficácia de tratamentos por fitoterapia e aromaterapia.
Gastrointestinal parasitism is the cause of many disorders such as weight loss, apathy, brittle hair, colic or even death. Three major groups of parasites may be distinguished, the cestodes, which includes the family Anoplocephalidae, nematodes such as Strongylidae, Oxyuridae and Ascaridae, and finally insect larvae such as Gastrophilus. The effective control of these parasites is essential to preserve the health of equines. The resistance of parasites to some synthetic anthelmintics is a fact and there are several factors related to the activity of the horse breeding that promote the development of such resistance, such as: the frequency of treatment, posology or even the remaining molecule. Phytotherapy, or the use of plants, and aromatherapy, or the use of aromatic compounds from plants, are interesting alternatives for treating and preventing parasitosis. The medicinal plants with the most interesting anthelmintic properties are plants with high average of ketones or phenols. These compounds take an action directly on the cuticle of the parasites or have neurotoxic effect and can also affect the nutrition and the reproduction of adult parasites. The essential oils of garlic (Allium sativum), cloves (Eugenia caryophyllus), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) have parasiticidal effects. Oregano essential oil and its compound, carvacrol, have been proven to significantly reduce the efficiency of acetylcholine activation in Parascaris sp.. Another study also demonstrated that the compound thymol, contained in the essential oil of thyme at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, inhibits the hatching of 98% of the larvae of the nematode Heamonchus contortus. From non-aromatic plants, the example of pumpkin seeds, raw, expose a relevant role as metaphylaxis, supporting the immune system. However, their toxicity and their use require significant precautions and a good knowledge of the extracts used. The doses and dilutions to be applied vary according to the route of administration, the sensitivity of the animal, as well as factors such as the pathological state, gestation or age. Antiparasitic control with natural compounds seems to be a good alternative to the use of synthetic compounds, if nothing else, for the simple fact that there is no known resistance by intestinal parasitic helminths and there is good efficacy of treatments by phytotherapy and aromatherapy.
Gastrointestinal parasitism is the cause of many disorders such as weight loss, apathy, brittle hair, colic or even death. Three major groups of parasites may be distinguished, the cestodes, which includes the family Anoplocephalidae, nematodes such as Strongylidae, Oxyuridae and Ascaridae, and finally insect larvae such as Gastrophilus. The effective control of these parasites is essential to preserve the health of equines. The resistance of parasites to some synthetic anthelmintics is a fact and there are several factors related to the activity of the horse breeding that promote the development of such resistance, such as: the frequency of treatment, posology or even the remaining molecule. Phytotherapy, or the use of plants, and aromatherapy, or the use of aromatic compounds from plants, are interesting alternatives for treating and preventing parasitosis. The medicinal plants with the most interesting anthelmintic properties are plants with high average of ketones or phenols. These compounds take an action directly on the cuticle of the parasites or have neurotoxic effect and can also affect the nutrition and the reproduction of adult parasites. The essential oils of garlic (Allium sativum), cloves (Eugenia caryophyllus), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) have parasiticidal effects. Oregano essential oil and its compound, carvacrol, have been proven to significantly reduce the efficiency of acetylcholine activation in Parascaris sp.. Another study also demonstrated that the compound thymol, contained in the essential oil of thyme at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, inhibits the hatching of 98% of the larvae of the nematode Heamonchus contortus. From non-aromatic plants, the example of pumpkin seeds, raw, expose a relevant role as metaphylaxis, supporting the immune system. However, their toxicity and their use require significant precautions and a good knowledge of the extracts used. The doses and dilutions to be applied vary according to the route of administration, the sensitivity of the animal, as well as factors such as the pathological state, gestation or age. Antiparasitic control with natural compounds seems to be a good alternative to the use of synthetic compounds, if nothing else, for the simple fact that there is no known resistance by intestinal parasitic helminths and there is good efficacy of treatments by phytotherapy and aromatherapy.
Description
Keywords
Anti-helmínticos Aromaterapia Fitoterapia Medicine Alternativa Resistências Alternative Medicine Aromatherapy Anthelmintics Essential oils Phytotherapy Resistance