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O crime de linchamento no centro de Moçambique: o caso da província de Sofala
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No âmbito deste trabalho, o linchamento, objeto do nosso estudo, é definido como o conjunto de atos violentos praticados por populares em multidão, que culminam, geralmente, com a execução sumária de supostos criminosos, sem o devido processo legal. Assim, dada a complexidade do tema e a diversidade de contextos que o abrange sugere que sejam desenvolvidas diversas perspetivas de estudo. Por isso, estabelecemos limites para o nosso trabalho, tendo como objetivo fundamental: estudar o crime de linchamento na Província de Sofala, tomando como série temporal as ocorrências de 2008 a 2017, mais especificamente para descrever e caracterizar, bem como conhecer o modo como a PRM o encara, para depois propor estratégias policiais de prevenção e combate do mesmo.
Recorrendo à análise de conteúdo dos relatórios, designadamente da PGR e do INE, dos vídeos publicados no YouTube e de notícias de jornais, as constatações fundamentais do nosso estudo mostram que existe um conjunto de elementos situacionais, tais como condições dos bairros e de vida urbana descritas como precárias, a fragilidade do sistema de justiça criminal formal face à criminalidade em geral, e as formas de manifestações que estabelecem uma simetria entre o quadro geral de segurança e criminalidade que, simultaneamente, justifica o crime de linchamento. Nesta perspetiva, o linchamento aparece como produto de uma insatisfação popular não só pelas formas violentas do crime, mas de contestação ao poder do Estado que não consegue evitar a ocorrência da criminalidade, pelo menos de forma suficiente. Assim, podemos crer que se trata de uma forma de responder ao próprio sistema de justiça criminal que se encontra distante e funciona de modo incompreensível para o cidadão. Porém, uma análise mais profunda remete-nos para dimensões de caráter social. Nesta perspetiva, o linchamento aparece, adicionalmente, como tentativa de restruturação e restabelecimento da coesão e das relações de vida em sociedade, levando à exclusão de quem pratica comportamentos desviantes, aparentemente os mais graves, mantendo a soberania das comunidades na aplicação da justiça e na própria regulação social.
Within the scope of this work, lynching, the object of our study, is defined as the set of violent acts committed by common people, which generally culminate in the summary execution of alleged criminals, without due legal process. Thus, the complexity of the theme and the diversity of contexts it covers suggests that different study perspectives should be developed. Therefore, we established limits for our research, with the following fundamental objective: to study the lynching crime, understood as a social phenomenon, in Sofala Province, during the period 2008 to 2017. Their main characteristics (demographic profile, popular mobilization, procedures) are characterized, as well as the PRM's approached. Police strategies to prevent and combat it are also considered. Analysis of the content of the reports, namely those of PGR and INE, of the videos published on YouTube and of newspaper, reports were used. The fundamental findings show that there is a set of situational elements that concurs, simultaneously and in an interactive way to the lynching occurrences. Those conditions are: neighbourhoods and urban life described as precarious; the fragility of the formal criminal justice system in relation to crime in general; and the forms of manifestations that establish a symmetry between the general framework of security and crime. Under this perspective, lynching appears as a product of popular dissatisfaction not only with occurred violent forms of crime, but also as a violent expression of dissatisfaction with the role and capacity of the State to prevent criminality. We can therefore believe that lynching is a way of responding to the criminal justice system itself, which performance are incomprehensible to the citizens. However, a deeper analysis leads us to social dimensions. In this perspective, lynching appears, additionally, as an attempt to restructure and re-establish cohesion and life relations in society, leading to the exclusion of those who practice deviant behaviours, apparently the most serious, and maintaining the sovereignty of communities in the processes of social regulation.
Within the scope of this work, lynching, the object of our study, is defined as the set of violent acts committed by common people, which generally culminate in the summary execution of alleged criminals, without due legal process. Thus, the complexity of the theme and the diversity of contexts it covers suggests that different study perspectives should be developed. Therefore, we established limits for our research, with the following fundamental objective: to study the lynching crime, understood as a social phenomenon, in Sofala Province, during the period 2008 to 2017. Their main characteristics (demographic profile, popular mobilization, procedures) are characterized, as well as the PRM's approached. Police strategies to prevent and combat it are also considered. Analysis of the content of the reports, namely those of PGR and INE, of the videos published on YouTube and of newspaper, reports were used. The fundamental findings show that there is a set of situational elements that concurs, simultaneously and in an interactive way to the lynching occurrences. Those conditions are: neighbourhoods and urban life described as precarious; the fragility of the formal criminal justice system in relation to crime in general; and the forms of manifestations that establish a symmetry between the general framework of security and crime. Under this perspective, lynching appears as a product of popular dissatisfaction not only with occurred violent forms of crime, but also as a violent expression of dissatisfaction with the role and capacity of the State to prevent criminality. We can therefore believe that lynching is a way of responding to the criminal justice system itself, which performance are incomprehensible to the citizens. However, a deeper analysis leads us to social dimensions. In this perspective, lynching appears, additionally, as an attempt to restructure and re-establish cohesion and life relations in society, leading to the exclusion of those who practice deviant behaviours, apparently the most serious, and maintaining the sovereignty of communities in the processes of social regulation.
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Palavras-chave
Linchamento Justiça popular Problema social Facto social PRM