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Estudo do desenvolvimento motor na primeira infância: análise do perfil motor e influência de fatores biológicos, familiares e ambientais em crianças dos 24 aos 48 meses
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O desenvolvimento motor na primeira infância resulta da interação entre fatores biológicos, familiares e ambientais. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar o perfil motor de crianças entre os 24 e os 48 meses e compreender a influência da idade, sexo, presença de irmãos, uso de tecnologias e tipo de aleitamento nos quocientes motores avaliados pela Peabody Developmental Motor Scales – Second Edition (PDMS- 2). O trabalho integrou dois estudos complementares: uma Scoping Review e um estudo empírico transversal. A revisão incluiu 26 estudos e permitiu identificar evidência favorável ao aleitamento materno exclusivo e a contextos familiares estimulantes, embora os resultados relativos ao tipo de parto e à presença de irmãos se revelem menos consensuais. O estudo empírico contou com 36 crianças, distribuídas por três grupos etários, sendo avaliados os quocientes motor global, motor fino e motor total. Os
resultados sugerem uma evolução não linear dos quocientes motores em função da idade. Relativamente ao sexo, observaram-se valores superiores nas meninas em alguns indicadores motores. A presença de irmãos revelou apenas uma tendência descritiva
favorável nas crianças com irmãos mais velhos. No uso de tecnologias, não foi possível identificar um padrão consistente. Quanto ao tipo de aleitamento, observaram-se tendências descritivas favoráveis associadas ao aleitamento materno exclusivo. Conclui-se
que o desenvolvimento motor infantil deve ser compreendido numa perspetiva multifatorial e contextualizada.
Motor development in early childhood results from the interaction of biological, familial, and environmental factors. This dissertation aimed to analyse the motor profile of children aged between 24 and 48 months and to understand the influence of age, sex, sibling presence, technology use, and feeding type on motor quotients assessed through the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales – Second Edition (PDMS-2). The study comprised two complementary investigations: a Scoping Review and a cross-sectional empirical study. The review included 26 studies and identified favourable evidence regarding exclusive breastfeeding and stimulating family environments, although findings related to birth type and sibling presence were less consistent. The empirical study involved 36 children distributed across three age groups and assessed Gross Motor Quotient, Fine Motor Quotient, and Total Motor Quotient. The results suggest a non-linear pattern in motor quotient development according to age. Regarding sex, girls showed higher values in some motor indicators. Sibling presence revealed only a favourable descriptive trend among children with older siblings. No consistent pattern was identified between technology use and motor development. Concerning feeding type, favourable descriptive trends were observed among children who had received exclusive breastfeeding. It is concluded that motor development in early childhood should be understood from a multifactorial and contextualised perspective.
Motor development in early childhood results from the interaction of biological, familial, and environmental factors. This dissertation aimed to analyse the motor profile of children aged between 24 and 48 months and to understand the influence of age, sex, sibling presence, technology use, and feeding type on motor quotients assessed through the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales – Second Edition (PDMS-2). The study comprised two complementary investigations: a Scoping Review and a cross-sectional empirical study. The review included 26 studies and identified favourable evidence regarding exclusive breastfeeding and stimulating family environments, although findings related to birth type and sibling presence were less consistent. The empirical study involved 36 children distributed across three age groups and assessed Gross Motor Quotient, Fine Motor Quotient, and Total Motor Quotient. The results suggest a non-linear pattern in motor quotient development according to age. Regarding sex, girls showed higher values in some motor indicators. Sibling presence revealed only a favourable descriptive trend among children with older siblings. No consistent pattern was identified between technology use and motor development. Concerning feeding type, favourable descriptive trends were observed among children who had received exclusive breastfeeding. It is concluded that motor development in early childhood should be understood from a multifactorial and contextualised perspective.
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Palavras-chave
Desenvolvimento motor Primeira infância Motricidade fina Motricidade global PDMS-2 Fatores ambientais Intervenção precoce Early childhood Fine motor skills Gross motor skills Environmental factors Early intervention