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EFEITOS DA CRISE COVID-19 NA CONECTIVIDADE DOMÉSTICA NOS AEROPORTOS PEQUENOS DAS REGIÕES NORTE E NORDESTE DO BRASIL
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Abstract(s)
Grandes impactos na demanda por transporte aéreo como a pandemia COVID-19
tendem a causar efeitos estruturais de longo prazo. A conectividade aérea das regiões Norte
e Nordeste do Brasil é essencial para a integração com o resto do território brasileiro e para
o desenvolvimento econômico. Estas regiões têm os menores PIB per capita do país e altos
níveis de desigualdade. Os aeroportos destas regiões são predominantemente pequenos e
têm baixa conectividade. Pesquisamos o impacto comparativo da pandemia em aeroportos
grandes e pequenos. Para isto, adaptamos o Airport Connectivity Quality Index (ACQI) de
Wittman & Swelbar (2013) e o calculamos para todos os aeroportos brasileiros com base
nas etapas combinadas de rotas domésticas de passageiros no Brasil durante dois períodos:
1) Pré-COVID – 975.270 voos entre Outubro de 2019 e Março de 2020; 2) Durante o COVID
– 549.357 voos entre Outubro de 2020 e Março de 2021. Encontramos maior perda de
conectividade em aeroportos grandes, localizados em municípios com PIBs altos e maior
população, do que em aeroportos pequenos.
Durante o COVID, na Região Norte, companhias aéreas regionais e sub-regionais
operando aeronaves menores em rotas menos densas introduziram novas rotas
intrarregionais com impacto socioeconômico importante. A viabilidade deste modelo de
negócios na Região Norte parece derivar da deficiência dos outros modais de transporte de
passageiros na região. Em termos de política pública, a conectividade na Região Norte se
beneficiaria de incentivos para a criação de companhias aéreas regionais e sub-regionais e
de proteção de suas operações de condutas anticompetitivas.
Major impacts on the demand for air transportation such as the COVID-19 pandemic tend to have long-term structural effects. Air connectivity in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil is essential for the integration with the rest of the Brazilian territory and for economic development. These regions have the lowest per capita GDPs in the country and high levels of income inequality. The regions’ airports are predominantly small and with low connectivity. In this paper, we research the comparative impact of the pandemic on large and small airports. To accomplish this, we adapted Wittman & Swelbar's (2013) Airport Connectivity Quality Index (ACQI) and calculated it for all Brazilian airports based on combined stages of regular domestic passenger routes in Brazil during two time periods: 1) Pré-COVID - 975,270 flights between October 2019 - March 2020; and 2) During COVID - 549,357 between October 2020 - March 2021. We found that larger airports, located in places with higher GDP and population, lost more connectivity quality than smaller airports. During COVID, in the Northern Region, regional and sub-regional airlines operating smaller aircraft on less dense routes introduced new regular intra-regional routes with an important socioeconomic impact. The viability of this business model in the North Region seems to result from the deficiency of other methods of passenger transport in the region. In terms of public policy, connectivity in the Northern Region would benefit from incentives to create regional and sub-regional airlines and from protecting operations from anticompetitive conduct.
Major impacts on the demand for air transportation such as the COVID-19 pandemic tend to have long-term structural effects. Air connectivity in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil is essential for the integration with the rest of the Brazilian territory and for economic development. These regions have the lowest per capita GDPs in the country and high levels of income inequality. The regions’ airports are predominantly small and with low connectivity. In this paper, we research the comparative impact of the pandemic on large and small airports. To accomplish this, we adapted Wittman & Swelbar's (2013) Airport Connectivity Quality Index (ACQI) and calculated it for all Brazilian airports based on combined stages of regular domestic passenger routes in Brazil during two time periods: 1) Pré-COVID - 975,270 flights between October 2019 - March 2020; and 2) During COVID - 549,357 between October 2020 - March 2021. We found that larger airports, located in places with higher GDP and population, lost more connectivity quality than smaller airports. During COVID, in the Northern Region, regional and sub-regional airlines operating smaller aircraft on less dense routes introduced new regular intra-regional routes with an important socioeconomic impact. The viability of this business model in the North Region seems to result from the deficiency of other methods of passenger transport in the region. In terms of public policy, connectivity in the Northern Region would benefit from incentives to create regional and sub-regional airlines and from protecting operations from anticompetitive conduct.
Description
Keywords
Modelo de negócios, conectividade aérea, ACQI, COVID-19, Aeroporto pequeno, país em desenvolvimento, Brasil Business model, air connectivity, ACQI, COVID-19, small airport, developing country, Brazil