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A prevenção de ataques terroristas na União Europeia: o controlo dos percursores de explosivos
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Resumo(s)
Entre 2014 e 2019 a União Europeia (UE) foi atingida por vários atentados
terroristas, muitos de matriz islamita (Estado Islâmico), causando efeitos
extremamente devastadores (e.g. Segundo a Europol no ano de 2017 ocorreram
33 ataques, nos quais registaram-se 62 mortos). Em 2018 e 2019, apesar de
existir uma diminuição do número de ataques e de mortos, o terrorismo continuou
a representar uma ameaça importante para os países da UE.
As bombas/explosões têm sido o modus operandi na Europa que causa
maior número de vítimas. Os terroristas têm recorrido sobretudo ao uso dos
designados explosivos caseiros (e.g. Para a Europol, entre 2014 e 2017, as
bombas/explosões, representaram mais de 80% dos incidentes terroristas
jihadistas), nomeadamente, TATP (mais de 70%), sólido que resulta da junção
de peróxido de hidrogénio e acetona num meio ácido.
Para fabricar estes explosivos caseiros, os terroristas têm, assim,
recorrido a precursores de explosivos, principalmente o peróxido de hidrogénio,
e, por esta razão, este será um dos temas da nossa investigação.
Deste modo, a prevenção desta prática constitui uma das prioridades da
UE, através do desenvolvimento de várias medidas na ótica da política de
segurança, e, consequentemente será o objetivo desta investigação identificar o
tipo de medidas que têm sido adotadas pela UE na prevenção dos ataques
terroristas, nomeadamente, através do incremento do controlo dos precursores
de explosivos. Pretende-se, também, verificar se estas medidas têm respaldo
teórico na criminologia ambiental através da aplicação de técnicas de prevenção
situacional. Finalmente, o panorama português será também objeto de análise.
Between 2014 and 2019 the European Union (EU) has been hit by several terrorist attacks, many by Islamist groups (Islamic State), having a devasting impact (e.g. According to Europol in the year 2017 there were 33 attacks, in which 62 people were killed). In 2018 and 2019, has been a decrease in the number of attacks and deaths, but terrorism continued to represent a major threat in EU countries. Bombs/explosions have been the modus operandi in Europe that causes the highest number of victims. Terrorists have mainly use of so-called homemade explosives (e.g. For Europol, between 2014 and 2017, bombs/explosions accounted for more than 80% of jihadist terrorist incidents), mostly, TATP (more than 70%), solid that results from the combination of hydrogen peroxide and acetone in the presence of an acid. To manufacture these homemade explosives, terrorists use explosive precursors, mainly hydrogen peroxide, and for this reason, this will be one of the topics of our investigation. Thus, the prevention of this practice is one of the EU's priorities, by the development of various measures from the perspective of security policy, and, consequently, the aim of this investigation will be to identify the type of measures that have been adopted by the EU in preventing attacks terrorists, namely by increase the control of explosive precursors. It is also intended to verify whether these measures have theoretical support in environmental criminology by the application of situational prevention techniques. Finally, the portuguese panorama will also be the object of analysis.
Between 2014 and 2019 the European Union (EU) has been hit by several terrorist attacks, many by Islamist groups (Islamic State), having a devasting impact (e.g. According to Europol in the year 2017 there were 33 attacks, in which 62 people were killed). In 2018 and 2019, has been a decrease in the number of attacks and deaths, but terrorism continued to represent a major threat in EU countries. Bombs/explosions have been the modus operandi in Europe that causes the highest number of victims. Terrorists have mainly use of so-called homemade explosives (e.g. For Europol, between 2014 and 2017, bombs/explosions accounted for more than 80% of jihadist terrorist incidents), mostly, TATP (more than 70%), solid that results from the combination of hydrogen peroxide and acetone in the presence of an acid. To manufacture these homemade explosives, terrorists use explosive precursors, mainly hydrogen peroxide, and for this reason, this will be one of the topics of our investigation. Thus, the prevention of this practice is one of the EU's priorities, by the development of various measures from the perspective of security policy, and, consequently, the aim of this investigation will be to identify the type of measures that have been adopted by the EU in preventing attacks terrorists, namely by increase the control of explosive precursors. It is also intended to verify whether these measures have theoretical support in environmental criminology by the application of situational prevention techniques. Finally, the portuguese panorama will also be the object of analysis.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Precursores de explosivos Terrorismo União Europeia Prevenção situacional Peróxido de hidrogénio Explosive precursors Terrorism European Union Situational prevention Hydrogen peroxide