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A Case Report Of Appendicitis In A Pet Rabbit Presented With Mild Symptoms Of Gastrointestinal Pathology
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A apendicite é principalmente conhecida como uma patologia humana, maioritariamente nos jovens e é caracterizada por uma inflamação do apêndice, um divertículo ligado ao ceco. No entanto, casos de apendicite espontânea em coelhos são raros e não são frequentemente referidos nos diagnósticos diferenciais. Este caso clínico tem como objetivo apresentar os sintomas inespecíficos da patologia, a dificuldade em diagnosticar a apendicite em coelhos e o facto de que a doença não é considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de coelhos com sintomas de problemas gastrointestinais. Não há uma apresentação típica da patologia que facilite o seu diagnóstico. No caso apresentado, um coelho de dois anos foi trazido à clínica para a consulta anual de vacinação. Segundo o tutor, o animal apresentava um comportamento normal, porém apresentava anorexia e diminuição da produção de fezes. O coelho também apresentava uma dilatação gástrica com conteúdo denso, mas não nenhum outro sintoma aparente foi observado. O coelho foi internado para observação e exames complementares. Radiografias, hematologia e análises bioquímicas foram feitas, mas não foram indicaram a presença de uma apendicite. Três dias após o internamento, uma laparotomia exploratória foi realizada, revelando um apêndice anormal. Uma apendicectomia foi então realizada, juntamente com o tratamento médico necessário, levando à resolução dos sintomas apresentados pelo coelho. O exame histopatológico realizado na EUVG revelou uma lesão inflamatória transmural, com ulcerações multifocais da mucosa e perda epitelial do apêndice. Foi observado um espessamento da lâmina própria causado por edema, hemorragia, heterófilos, detritos necróticos, mas sempre em associação a células inflamatórias mononucleares (linfócitos, plasmócitos e macrófagos). Observou-se ainda a presença de tecido conjuntivo laxo associado a fibroblastos reativos ao longo da submucosa e zona da camada muscular. O infiltrado inflamatório estende-se ao tecido adiposo adjacente (peritonite difusa). Hiperémia e hemorragia multifocal foram observadas. Estas lesões são compatíveis com uma apendicite subaguda, moderada a grave, transmural, necrotizante, possivelmente associada a agente infecioso. Este caso destaca a importância de considerar a apendicite como uma possível causa de sintomas gastrointestinais em coelhos, embora seja raramente mencionada na literatura veterinária.
Appendicitis is mainly known to occur in young humans and is characterised by inflammation of the appendix, a diverticulum attached to the caecum. However, cases of spontaneous appendicitis in rabbits are rare and not frequently referred in differential diagnosis. This clinical case aims to present the non-specific symptoms of this pathology, the difficulty in diagnosing appendicitis in rabbits, and the fact that the disease is not often considered in the differential diagnosis. There is no typical presentation of the pathology to facilitate its diagnosis. In the case presented, a two-year-old rabbit was brought to the clinic for its annual vaccination check-up. According to the tutor, the animal was behaving normally, but showed signs of anorexia and decreased faecal output. The rabbit also exhibited gastric dilation with dense content, but no other apparent symptoms were observed. The rabbit was admitted for observation and further examinations. Radiographs, haematology and biochemistry panel did not indicate the presence of appendicitis. Three days after admission, an exploratory laparotomy was performed, revealing an abnormal appendix. An appendectomy was then carried out, along with necessary medical treatment, leading to the resolution of the rabbit’s symptoms presented. The histopathological examination conducted at EUVG revealed transmural inflammatory lesion with multifocal ulcerations of the mucosa with an epithelial loss of the appendix. A thickening of lamina propria was observed caused by oedema, haemorrhage, heterophils, necrotic tissues always associated with mononuclear inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, plasmocytes and macrophages). Loose conjunctive tissue associated with reactive fibroblasts was observed along the submucosa and muscular layer. The inflammatory infiltration extended to adjacent adipose tissue (diffuse peritonitis). Hyperaemia and haemorrhage were observed. These lesions are compatible with subacute appendicitis, moderate to severe, transmural, necrotising and possibly associated with an infectious agent. This case underscores the importance of considering appendicitis as a possible cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in rabbits, even though it is rarely mentioned in veterinary literature.
Appendicitis is mainly known to occur in young humans and is characterised by inflammation of the appendix, a diverticulum attached to the caecum. However, cases of spontaneous appendicitis in rabbits are rare and not frequently referred in differential diagnosis. This clinical case aims to present the non-specific symptoms of this pathology, the difficulty in diagnosing appendicitis in rabbits, and the fact that the disease is not often considered in the differential diagnosis. There is no typical presentation of the pathology to facilitate its diagnosis. In the case presented, a two-year-old rabbit was brought to the clinic for its annual vaccination check-up. According to the tutor, the animal was behaving normally, but showed signs of anorexia and decreased faecal output. The rabbit also exhibited gastric dilation with dense content, but no other apparent symptoms were observed. The rabbit was admitted for observation and further examinations. Radiographs, haematology and biochemistry panel did not indicate the presence of appendicitis. Three days after admission, an exploratory laparotomy was performed, revealing an abnormal appendix. An appendectomy was then carried out, along with necessary medical treatment, leading to the resolution of the rabbit’s symptoms presented. The histopathological examination conducted at EUVG revealed transmural inflammatory lesion with multifocal ulcerations of the mucosa with an epithelial loss of the appendix. A thickening of lamina propria was observed caused by oedema, haemorrhage, heterophils, necrotic tissues always associated with mononuclear inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, plasmocytes and macrophages). Loose conjunctive tissue associated with reactive fibroblasts was observed along the submucosa and muscular layer. The inflammatory infiltration extended to adjacent adipose tissue (diffuse peritonitis). Hyperaemia and haemorrhage were observed. These lesions are compatible with subacute appendicitis, moderate to severe, transmural, necrotising and possibly associated with an infectious agent. This case underscores the importance of considering appendicitis as a possible cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in rabbits, even though it is rarely mentioned in veterinary literature.
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Keywords
Apendicite Apendicectomia Ceco Coelhos Estase Gastrointestinal Appendicitis Appendectomy Caecum Gastrointestinal Stasis Rabbits