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Violência relacionada à disputa: estudo criminológico sobre o hooliganismo no Brasil
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O presente estudo apresenta os resultados de uma investigação que tinha como propósito
verificar as condições situacionais nos casos de homicídio relacionado à disputa entre adeptos
de futebol no Brasil. Para consecução desse objetivo, após análise da literatura pertinente ao
“hooliganismo”, à criminalidade violenta, à gestão de risco e criminologia ambiental,
realizamos um estudo qualitativo, baseado na análise de conteúdo de notícias e dados colhidos
em processos judiciais versando sobre 77 homicídios relacionados à disputa entre adeptos de
futebol ocorridos nos últimos 20 anos no Brasil. Com o escopo de diminuir a subjetividade da
análise de conteúdo, foram realizadas entrevistas com membros de grupos organizados de
adeptos e autoridades brasileiras, visando a identificar as perceções e critérios de oportunidade
para as ações violentas e definir meios factíveis para obstruir as oportunidades para a prática de
crimes. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as mortes ocorridas nos conflitos são uma
contingência aceita na subcultura dos grupos organizados de adeptos no Brasil, até mesmo
porque a excitação advinda da possibilidade de praticar atos de violência é o que motiva a
adesão de muitos de seus filiados. Além disso, constatou-se que os homicídios são cometidos
predominantemente por jovens integrantes de grupos organizados de adeptos, do sexo
masculino, e que as agressões são, em sua maioria, de natureza predatória, realizadas mediante
emprego de armas, contra vítimas também jovens e integrantes de grupos organizados de
adeptos rivais. A maior parte das agressões ocorre em locais distantes do estádio, em dias de
jogo, muito embora os conflitos não estejam necessariamente vinculados à disputa de uma
partida entre as equipas de futebol rivais. A acirrada rivalidade entre clubes e adeptos e a
inexistência de proteção policial adequada foram constantes verificadas nos homicídios
analisados. Ao final, elaboramos um quadro relacionando as técnicas de prevenção indicadas
para as condições situacionais verificadas, tendo em vista os objetivos de aumentar o risco e o
esforço exigido para as ações ilegítimas e diminuir a recompensa, as justificativas e as
provocações em relação aos agentes.
This study presents the results of an investigation that aimed to verify situational conditions in homicide cases related to disputes between soccer fans in Brazil. To achieve this objective, an analysis of the literature relevant to hooliganism, violent crime, risk management and environmental criminology was conducted. Next, a qualitative study was made, based on the analysis of news content and data collected from judicial proceedings on 77 homicides related to disputes between soccer fans in Brazil during the last 20 years. With the aim of reducing subjectivity of content analysis, interviews were conducted with members of organized groups of supporters and Brazilian authorities. The goal of the interviews was to identify perceptions and criteria leading up to the violent actions, and to define feasible means to obstruct future opportunities for these crimes. The results of this study suggest that deaths in these conflicts are an accepted consequence in the subculture of the organized groups of supporters in Brazil. This is in part because the excitement arising from the possibility of practicing acts of violence is what inspires the cohesion of many of their members. Furthermore, it was found that the homicides are predominantly committed by violent young male members of organized sub-groups of soccer team fans. Most of these attacks are of a predatory nature, and involve the use of weapons against other young victims who are members of rival organizedsub-groups of violent fans. Most of the aggressive acts occur on match days in places far from the stadium, even though the conflicts are not necessarily linked to disputes between rival soccer teams competing that day. The fierce rivalry between teams and fans, combined with the lack of adequate police protection, were found to be consistent in the homicides that were analyzed. To summarize the results of this study, a chart was created that lists the prevention techniques that address the problematic situations and conditions that have been identified and verified. The chart further addresses society’s objectives of increasing the risk and effort required to commit these acts of violence, and to decrease the provocations, justifications, and rewards for members of these sub-groups.
This study presents the results of an investigation that aimed to verify situational conditions in homicide cases related to disputes between soccer fans in Brazil. To achieve this objective, an analysis of the literature relevant to hooliganism, violent crime, risk management and environmental criminology was conducted. Next, a qualitative study was made, based on the analysis of news content and data collected from judicial proceedings on 77 homicides related to disputes between soccer fans in Brazil during the last 20 years. With the aim of reducing subjectivity of content analysis, interviews were conducted with members of organized groups of supporters and Brazilian authorities. The goal of the interviews was to identify perceptions and criteria leading up to the violent actions, and to define feasible means to obstruct future opportunities for these crimes. The results of this study suggest that deaths in these conflicts are an accepted consequence in the subculture of the organized groups of supporters in Brazil. This is in part because the excitement arising from the possibility of practicing acts of violence is what inspires the cohesion of many of their members. Furthermore, it was found that the homicides are predominantly committed by violent young male members of organized sub-groups of soccer team fans. Most of these attacks are of a predatory nature, and involve the use of weapons against other young victims who are members of rival organizedsub-groups of violent fans. Most of the aggressive acts occur on match days in places far from the stadium, even though the conflicts are not necessarily linked to disputes between rival soccer teams competing that day. The fierce rivalry between teams and fans, combined with the lack of adequate police protection, were found to be consistent in the homicides that were analyzed. To summarize the results of this study, a chart was created that lists the prevention techniques that address the problematic situations and conditions that have been identified and verified. The chart further addresses society’s objectives of increasing the risk and effort required to commit these acts of violence, and to decrease the provocations, justifications, and rewards for members of these sub-groups.
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Palavras-chave
Hooliganismo Violência relacionada à disputa Criminologia ambiental Hooliganism Dispute related violence Environmental criminology