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Impacto das alterações climáticas na ocorrência de leptospirose emPortugal/Europa
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Abstract(s)
A leptospirose é uma zoonose com distribuição a nível mundial, causada por espiroquetas patogénicas
do género Leptospira que integra uma grande diversidade de variantes serológicas ou serovares. Em
muitos países é uma doença subdiagnosticada devido ao polimorfismo clínico e à inespecificidade do
quadro clínico.
Os mamíferos domésticos e silvestres são recetivos à infeção, porém os hospedeiros podem ser
diferenciados em hospedeiros de manutenção ou hospedeiros acidentais de acordo com o grau de
adaptação ao serovar infetante. Nos primeiros a manifestação da doença pode não ocorrer ou ser muito
ligeira. Nos segundos a manifestação da doença tende a ser mais severa dependo da virulência do
serovar infetante. O homem é sempre um hospedeiro acidental, independentemente do serovar
infetante.
As leptospiras são bactérias que dependem fortemente das condições ambientais para a manutenção
do ciclo de infeção. Neste sentido, a presença de água, a temperatura ambiente amena e a proteção
da luz solar são muito importantes para a manutenção da sua viabilidade fora do hospdeiro.
Em Portugal, a leptospirose é uma doença sazonal ocorrendo um maior número de casos na época
estivo-outonal. No entanto, com as alterações climáticas globais prevê-se uma alteração das condições
meteorológicas com um aquecimento e com um aumento da frequência de fenónemos naturais como
tempestades e inundações.
Esta dissertação visa sistemizar, à luz do conhecimento atual, a leptospirose enquanto zoonose
perspetivando o impacto das alterações climáticas globais na sua ocorrência em Portugal e Europa,
analisando o número de casos nos últimos anos e perceber se houve uma tendência crescente ou
decrescente de casos e se existem uma ligação com as alterações climáticas.
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution, caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, which includes a wide range of serological variants or serovars. In many countries, it is an underdiagnosed disease due to clinical polymorphism and the lack of specificity of the clinical pattern. Domestic and wild mammals are receptive to infection, but hosts can be differentiated into maintenance hosts or accidental hosts according to the degree of their adaptation to the infecting serovar. In the former, the manifestation of the disease may not occur or be very slight. In the second one, the manifestation of the disease tends to be more severe depending on the virulence of the infecting serovar. Man is always an accidental host, regardless of the infecting serovar. Leptospires are bacteria that depend strongly on environmental conditions to maintain the infection cycle. In this sense, the presence of water, a mild ambient temperature and the protection from sunlight are very important for maintaining their viability outside the host. In Portugal, leptospirosis is a seasonal disease with a greater number of cases occurring in the summerautumn period. However, with global climate change, a change in weather conditions is expected with warming and an increase in the frequency of natural phenomena such as storms and floods. This dissertation aims to systemise, in the light of current knowledge, leptospirosis as a zoonosis, looking to the potential impact of global climate change in its occurrence in Portugal and in Europe, analysing the number of cases in recent years and understanding whether there has been an increasing or decreasing trend in cases and whether there is a connection with climate changes.
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution, caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, which includes a wide range of serological variants or serovars. In many countries, it is an underdiagnosed disease due to clinical polymorphism and the lack of specificity of the clinical pattern. Domestic and wild mammals are receptive to infection, but hosts can be differentiated into maintenance hosts or accidental hosts according to the degree of their adaptation to the infecting serovar. In the former, the manifestation of the disease may not occur or be very slight. In the second one, the manifestation of the disease tends to be more severe depending on the virulence of the infecting serovar. Man is always an accidental host, regardless of the infecting serovar. Leptospires are bacteria that depend strongly on environmental conditions to maintain the infection cycle. In this sense, the presence of water, a mild ambient temperature and the protection from sunlight are very important for maintaining their viability outside the host. In Portugal, leptospirosis is a seasonal disease with a greater number of cases occurring in the summerautumn period. However, with global climate change, a change in weather conditions is expected with warming and an increase in the frequency of natural phenomena such as storms and floods. This dissertation aims to systemise, in the light of current knowledge, leptospirosis as a zoonosis, looking to the potential impact of global climate change in its occurrence in Portugal and in Europe, analysing the number of cases in recent years and understanding whether there has been an increasing or decreasing trend in cases and whether there is a connection with climate changes.
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Keywords
Cima Leptospira Saúde global Saúde pública Zoonose Global health Climate Leptospira Public health Zoonosis