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Estratégias Alternativas à Utilização de Antibióticos na Gestão das Diarreias Neonatais em Vitelos
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Abstract(s)
As diarreias neonatais constituem uma das principais causas de morbilidade e mortalidade em vitelos,
interferindo significativamente no bem-estar animal e na rentabilidade da produção. Tradicionalmente
geridas com recurso a antibióticos, estas patologias possuem atualmente desafios acrescidos, devido
ao aumento da resistência antimicrobiana e às exigências crescentes de uma produção animal mais
sustentável.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar e reunir estratégias alternativas à utilização de antibióticos
na prevenção e controlo das diarreias neonatais em vitelos. Nesta revisão bibliográfica são exploradas
abordagens inovadoras que visam reduzir o uso sistemático de antimicrobianos, promovendo uma
saúde intestinal equilibrada e uma imunidade eficaz nos jovens ruminantes.
Os métodos utilizados basearam-se na análise crítica da literatura científica, incluindo artigos
publicados em revistas indexadas e estudos experimentais recentes. Esta revisão aborda de forma
estruturada as principais causas das diarreias, distinguindo entre agentes infeciosos (como Escherichia
coli ETEC, Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavírus, coronavírus bovino e Salmonella) e causas não
infeciosas, como erros de maneio ou stress ambiental.
A componente central do trabalho centrou-se na caracterização da microbiota intestinal do vitelo e no
potencial das alternativas como os probióticos, os pré-bióticos, o transplante de microbiota fecal, as
imunoglobulinas Y, a vacinação materna, os suplementos nutricionais (zinco, aditivos fitogénicos) e,
finalmente, as práticas de higiene e gestão ambiental.
Os principais achados indicam que a combinação destas estratégias, baseadas em evidência científica,
podem reduzir significativamente a incidência de diarreia neonatal, melhorar o desempenho
imunológico dos vitelos e diminuir a necessidade de tratamentos antimicrobianos. Além disso,
destaca-se a eficácia das estratégias imunológicas e nutricionais como pilares de prevenção passiva.
Conclui-se que uma abordagem integrada e multidisciplinar, aliando saúde intestinal, imunidade
passiva e maneio sanitário adequado, representa uma via promissora para enfrentar esta
problemática.
Neonatal diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in calves, significantly affecting animal welfare and the profitability of livestock production systems. Traditionally managed with the use of antibiotics, this condition now poses additional challenges due to the growing issue of antimicrobial resistance and increasing societal demands for more sustainable animal farming practices. This study aims to analyse and compile alternative strategies to the use of antibiotics in the prevention and management of neonatal diarrhoea in calves. Through a comprehensive and up-to-date literature review, innovative approaches are explored that aim to reduce the routine use of antimicrobials by promoting balanced intestinal health and effective immunity in young ruminants. The methodology was based on a critical analysis of scientific literature, including peer-reviewed journal articles and recent experimental studies. The work addresses, in a structured way, the primary causes of neonatal diarrhoea, distinguishing between infectious agents (such as Escherichia coli ETEC, Cryptosporidium parvum, bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, and Salmonella) and non-infectious factors, such as poor management practices or environmental stress. The core of the study focuses on the characterization of the calf’s gut microbiota and the potential of alternatives such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), immunoglobulin Y, maternal vaccination, nutritional supplements (zinc, phytogenic additives), and proper hygiene and environmental management practices. The main findings suggest that combining these strategies, supported by strong scientific evidence, can significantly reduce the incidence of neonatal diarrhoea, improve the immune performance of calves, and lower the reliance on antibiotic treatments. In particular, immunological and nutritional strategies stand out as key pillars of passive prevention. In conclusion, an integrated and multidisciplinary approach that combines gut health, passive immunity, and effective sanitary management represents a promising pathway for addressing this issue.
Neonatal diarrhoea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in calves, significantly affecting animal welfare and the profitability of livestock production systems. Traditionally managed with the use of antibiotics, this condition now poses additional challenges due to the growing issue of antimicrobial resistance and increasing societal demands for more sustainable animal farming practices. This study aims to analyse and compile alternative strategies to the use of antibiotics in the prevention and management of neonatal diarrhoea in calves. Through a comprehensive and up-to-date literature review, innovative approaches are explored that aim to reduce the routine use of antimicrobials by promoting balanced intestinal health and effective immunity in young ruminants. The methodology was based on a critical analysis of scientific literature, including peer-reviewed journal articles and recent experimental studies. The work addresses, in a structured way, the primary causes of neonatal diarrhoea, distinguishing between infectious agents (such as Escherichia coli ETEC, Cryptosporidium parvum, bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, and Salmonella) and non-infectious factors, such as poor management practices or environmental stress. The core of the study focuses on the characterization of the calf’s gut microbiota and the potential of alternatives such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), immunoglobulin Y, maternal vaccination, nutritional supplements (zinc, phytogenic additives), and proper hygiene and environmental management practices. The main findings suggest that combining these strategies, supported by strong scientific evidence, can significantly reduce the incidence of neonatal diarrhoea, improve the immune performance of calves, and lower the reliance on antibiotic treatments. In particular, immunological and nutritional strategies stand out as key pillars of passive prevention. In conclusion, an integrated and multidisciplinary approach that combines gut health, passive immunity, and effective sanitary management represents a promising pathway for addressing this issue.
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Keywords
Abordagem imunológica Alternativa aos antibióticos Diarreias neonatais Gestão sanitária Microbiota intestinal Vitelo Alternative to antibiotics Calf Gut microbiota Immunological approach Neonatal diarrhoea Sanitary management