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Avaliação de Desempenho Aeroportuário.
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A presente investigação teve como objetivo principal avaliar a eficiência operacional de 39
aeroportos europeus, comparando o desempenho nos períodos pré-pandemia (2019) e
pós-pandemia (2023). O foco centrou-se na produtividade, relação custo-benefício e
sustentabilidade, analisando como os aeroportos equilibram as exigências económicas com
a otimização dos seus recursos e serviços. Foi utilizado o método Data Envelopment
Analysis (DEA), técnica não paramétrica amplamente reconhecida para avaliação da
eficiência relativa de unidades produtivas com múltiplos inputs e outputs. O modelo
incorporou variáveis de input como número de funcionários, número de pistas, posições
de parqueamento, custos operacionais e EBITDA, e como outputs o número de
passageiros transportados, movimentos de aeronaves e volume de carga aérea. Como
principal inovação metodológica, o estudo propôs o modelo MADAEO – Modelo de
Avaliação do Desempenho Aeroportuário e Eficiência Operacional, desenvolvido para
facilitar auditorias comparativas, planeamento estratégico e decisões de alocação de
recursos. Para além da análise quantitativa, integrou-se uma análise SWOT que
contextualizou os resultados com base em fatores internos (infraestrutura, gestão) e
externos (políticas, tendências do setor), reforçando a leitura estratégica dos dados
obtidos. Os resultados revelaram que aeroportos como Porto, Marselha-Provence e
Zurique apresentaram níveis elevados de eficiência, mesmo com recursos limitados,
destacando-se pelo seu bom desempenho custo-benefício. Por outro lado, aeroportos de
grande dimensão como Madrid-Barajas e Frankfurt demonstraram ineficiências
operacionais relativas, apesar do maior investimento em infraestrutura. Estes dados
reforçam a importância de uma gestão eficaz e da adaptação às novas exigências do setor
pós-pandemia. Conclui-se que práticas sustentáveis, automação de processos e
investimentos direcionados podem representar estratégias-chave para aumentar a
eficiência operacional aeroportuária. As principais limitações do estudo referem-se à
disponibilidade e padronização de dados financeiros, bem como à heterogeneidade entre
aeroportos de diferentes escalas e modelos de governação. O trabalho oferece, ainda,
recomendações práticas e metodológicas com aplicabilidade para decisores, operadores e
investigadores do setor.
The present research aimed to assess the operational efficiency of 39 European airports, comparing their performance during the pre-pandemic (2019) and post-pandemic (2023) periods. The focus was on productivity, cost-benefit relation, and sustainability, analyzing how airports balance economic demands with the optimization of their resources and services. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was employed a widely recognized non-parametric technique for evaluating the relative efficiency of production units with multiple inputs and outputs. The model included input variables such as number of employees, number of runways, aircraft parking positions, operational costs, and EBITDA, and output variables such as number of passengers handled, aircraft movements, and cargo volume. As the main methodological innovation, the study proposed the MADAEO model – Airport Performance and Operational Efficiency Evaluation Model, developed to support comparative audits, strategic planning, and resource allocation decisions. In addition to the quantitative analysis, a SWOT analysis was integrated to contextualize the results based on internal factors (infrastructure, management) and external factors (policy frameworks, industry trends), thereby reinforcing the strategic interpretation of the findings. The results revealed that airports such as Porto, Marseille-Provence, and Zurich exhibited high efficiency levels, even with limited resources, standing out for their strong cost-benefit performance. In contrast, large hubs such as Madrid-Barajas and Frankfurt demonstrated relative operational inefficiencies, despite greater infrastructure investment. These findings highlight the importance of effective management and adaptability to the evolving demands of the post-pandemic aviation sector. It is concluded that sustainable practices, process automation, and targeted investments may represent key strategies to enhance airport operational efficiency. The main limitations of the study concern the availability and standardization of financial data, as well as the heterogeneity among airports of different sizes and governance models. The research also offers practical and methodological recommendations applicable to policy-makers, airport operators, and researchers in the field.
The present research aimed to assess the operational efficiency of 39 European airports, comparing their performance during the pre-pandemic (2019) and post-pandemic (2023) periods. The focus was on productivity, cost-benefit relation, and sustainability, analyzing how airports balance economic demands with the optimization of their resources and services. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was employed a widely recognized non-parametric technique for evaluating the relative efficiency of production units with multiple inputs and outputs. The model included input variables such as number of employees, number of runways, aircraft parking positions, operational costs, and EBITDA, and output variables such as number of passengers handled, aircraft movements, and cargo volume. As the main methodological innovation, the study proposed the MADAEO model – Airport Performance and Operational Efficiency Evaluation Model, developed to support comparative audits, strategic planning, and resource allocation decisions. In addition to the quantitative analysis, a SWOT analysis was integrated to contextualize the results based on internal factors (infrastructure, management) and external factors (policy frameworks, industry trends), thereby reinforcing the strategic interpretation of the findings. The results revealed that airports such as Porto, Marseille-Provence, and Zurich exhibited high efficiency levels, even with limited resources, standing out for their strong cost-benefit performance. In contrast, large hubs such as Madrid-Barajas and Frankfurt demonstrated relative operational inefficiencies, despite greater infrastructure investment. These findings highlight the importance of effective management and adaptability to the evolving demands of the post-pandemic aviation sector. It is concluded that sustainable practices, process automation, and targeted investments may represent key strategies to enhance airport operational efficiency. The main limitations of the study concern the availability and standardization of financial data, as well as the heterogeneity among airports of different sizes and governance models. The research also offers practical and methodological recommendations applicable to policy-makers, airport operators, and researchers in the field.