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Publication
Critérios de regulamentação-base aplicável à operação das aeronaves não tripuladas (Drones) em espaço aéreo nacional
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| 5.17 MB | Adobe PDF |
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Abstract(s)
Se há poucos anos não era possível prever que a indústria das aeronaves não tripuladas (drones) pudesse registar um avanço tecnológico tão assinalável, menos previsível seria o crescimento que esta indústria comportaria no seio da aviação civil. É provável que aumente o número de drones em uso, bem como a variedade de finalidades da sua utilização – inclusive, que esta tecnologia venha a substituir as aeronaves tripuladas em muitas das operações comerciais. No entanto, para que tal seja possível, é necessário responder à pergunta "como irão os drones partilhar o espaço aéreo com dezenas de milhar de aeronaves tripuladas existentes, de forma segura e sustentável?". Nesta dissertação de tese de mestrado é proposto um conjunto de requisitos e limitações operacionais que encontram fundamento ora em regulamentação já existente, ora em propostas de regulamentação ainda em estudo. Ainda que os critérios que devem subjazer à regulamentação nacional que venha a ser definida tenham por base as melhores práticas desenvolvidas em diversos Estados, importa realçar que tais referenciais não estão harmonizados entre si – e que a mera análise dos pressupostos subjacentes à definição dos parâmetros de referência de cada uma das regulamentações exigiria uma investigação autónoma e exaustiva. A presente dissertação toma como válida a regulamentação dos diversos Estados, não cabendo no âmbito desta questionar a sua racionalidade ou legitimidade. A integração total da operação dos drones só será possível com a implementação de um sistema regulamentar baseado no risco da operação, proporcional e progressivo. É este o racional subjacente ao conceito de operação aplicável aos drones – pelo que se propõe um conjunto de regras, requisitos e limitações operacionais que permitem integrar parcialmente a operação de drones em espaço aéreo nacional, nomeadamente a operação que representa um risco inferior ao das aeronaves tripuladas, bem como a operação em linha de vista do operador. Finalmente, importa referir que ao longo desta dissertação foram identificadas diversas linhas de investigação que, apesar de estranhas ao âmbito da presente análise, devem ser merecedoras de uma investigação específica e autónoma.
If a few years ago it was impossible to predict that unmanned aircraft vehicles (or drones) could register the remarkable technological innovation they did, even less foreseeable was this industry´s growth among general aviation. In a near future it is likely that the number of operating drones will continue to increase significantly, as well as the purpose of their use – including the foretold use as to replace manned aircraft in many operations. However, for that to be possible, it is necessary to answer the question "How will drones share airspace with the other existing manned aircraft, in a safe and sustainable way?". The present study proposes a set of operational requirements and limitations based, on one hand, in existing rules and, on the other hand, in ongoing regulatory proposals. Although the criteria that should support the forthcoming national regulation are based on the best practices developed in several States, such national benchmarks are not harmonized amongst themselves, creating diverse regulatory frameworks from state to state. As a result, the mere analysis of the assumptions underlying those parameters of reference would require autonomous and thorough investigations. The present study will consider the various states’ practices and regulations as valid theoretical assumptions and will not address their rationality nor legitimacy. The total integration of drone operation within general aviation will only be feasible if it can be assured the implementation of a risk-based, proportional and progressive regulatory system. This is the rationale underlying the concept of operations applicable for drones and therefore the present thesis proposes a set of requirements and operational limitations that allow to partially integrate drone operation in the Portuguese airspace, mainly operations that present lower safety risks than manned aircraft, as well as operations in the operator's line of sight. Finally, it is important to refer that many (and diverse) lines of investigation were identified during the development of the present study that are outside its scope. Nonetheless, such lines of investigation deserve to be addressed by autonomous and specific investigation.
If a few years ago it was impossible to predict that unmanned aircraft vehicles (or drones) could register the remarkable technological innovation they did, even less foreseeable was this industry´s growth among general aviation. In a near future it is likely that the number of operating drones will continue to increase significantly, as well as the purpose of their use – including the foretold use as to replace manned aircraft in many operations. However, for that to be possible, it is necessary to answer the question "How will drones share airspace with the other existing manned aircraft, in a safe and sustainable way?". The present study proposes a set of operational requirements and limitations based, on one hand, in existing rules and, on the other hand, in ongoing regulatory proposals. Although the criteria that should support the forthcoming national regulation are based on the best practices developed in several States, such national benchmarks are not harmonized amongst themselves, creating diverse regulatory frameworks from state to state. As a result, the mere analysis of the assumptions underlying those parameters of reference would require autonomous and thorough investigations. The present study will consider the various states’ practices and regulations as valid theoretical assumptions and will not address their rationality nor legitimacy. The total integration of drone operation within general aviation will only be feasible if it can be assured the implementation of a risk-based, proportional and progressive regulatory system. This is the rationale underlying the concept of operations applicable for drones and therefore the present thesis proposes a set of requirements and operational limitations that allow to partially integrate drone operation in the Portuguese airspace, mainly operations that present lower safety risks than manned aircraft, as well as operations in the operator's line of sight. Finally, it is important to refer that many (and diverse) lines of investigation were identified during the development of the present study that are outside its scope. Nonetheless, such lines of investigation deserve to be addressed by autonomous and specific investigation.
Description
Keywords
Drone veículo aéreo não tripulado (UAV) sistema de aeronave não tripulada (UAS) sistema de aeronave remotamente pilotada (RPAS) conceito de operações ANAC EASA Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle (UAV) Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) concept of operation