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Reabilitação e Autenticidade - Consequências no Tecido Urbano
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Abstract(s)
Este trabalho reflete uma abordagem mais específica que encara o conceito de reabilitação em edifícios antigos associado ao de “Autenticidade”. Na prática a reabilitação além de não se cingir aos edifícios antigos, podendo inclusive abranger outros aspetos, designadamente infraestruturas urbanas, é mais abrangente, na medida em que se traduz num conjunto de ações destinadas a tornar funcional um edifício ou conjunto urbano envolvendo frequentemente melhoramentos e como tal pode incorrer em situações que envolvem operações bastante intrusivas e, até mesmo, em “fachadismos”4, que reduzem os edifícios originais ao seu invólucro ou a parte dele.
Por outro lado, tentou-se orientar o trabalho para uma perspetiva mais voltada para a reabilitação urbana entendida como uma “(…) Nova política urbana que procura a requalificação da cidade existente, mediante estratégias e ações destinadas a potenciar os valores socioeconómicos, ambientais e funcionais de determinadas áreas urbanas para elevar a qualidade de vida das populações residentes, melhorando as condições físicas do parque edificado, os níveis de habitabilidade e equipamentos comunitários, infraestruturas, instalações e espaços livres (…).”5 A abordagem é sintética e enquadra-se mais no campo analítico, de qualquer forma abrange a análise urbana desenvolvendo alguns dos estudos associados a metodologias ensaiadas em planos, que incidem em zonas antigas, influenciados pela corrente italiana que, a partir da década de sessenta do séc. XX, ao adotar esta nova forma de encarar a “cidade histórica” em contextos urbanos carregados de testemunhos culturais, transforma-se numa referência internacional, difundindo novos métodos de análise/diagnóstico que reforçam a consistência da intervenção urbana em áreas sensíveis espalhadas por vários países, que possuem um património rico mas frágil que exige um particular cuidado na sua gestão. Concludentemente, a reabilitação é aqui encarada numa perspetiva conservacionista filiada na Carta de Veneza [Carta Internacional sobre a Conservação e o Restauro de Monumentos e Sítios (1964)] e nas recomendações do ICOMOS6, referências estas, indissociáveis dos contornos que a cultura arquitetónica italiana assume nesse período.
This work displays a specific approach to the concept of rehabilitation in older buildings associated with the concept of authenticity. In practice rehabilitation is not limited to older buildings and can include other aspects such as urban infrastructure and in a broader view, can encompass a series of actions designed to render a building or a series of buildings functional often involving improvements that can run the risk of intrusive interventions including fachadism that reduce the original buildings to partial or total shells. The work is oriented towards an understanding of urban rehabilitation as a “new urban policy that seeks the re-qualification of the existing city through strategies and actions focused on improving the socioeconomic and environmental conditions and functionality of urban areas as well as bettering the quality of life for residents through improved physical conditions of building construction, common spaces, infrastructure, installation and public spaces.” A more analytic and synthetic approach is adopted embracing the urban analysis developed in previous studies associated with methodologies tested in urban plans that were focused on older areas and influenced by Italian movements of the 1960s which adopted new ways of looking at the “historical city” in a culturally charged urban context to become an international reference. Also considered are new methods of analysis and diagnosis that strengthen the consistency of intervention in sensitive urban areas dispersed across various countries which have a rich but fragile heritage and that require particular care in its management. Rehabilitation is perceived as outlined in the 1964 Charter of Venice and the recommendations given by ICOMOS. These references are inseparable from the prevailing Italian architectural culture of the period and we use the urbanization plan of Tolosa to focus on aspects related to the urban evolution and morph-typological characteristics to show how this type of analysis is reflected in the proposals of the plan which is based on an understanding of existing house types and their classification into groups. In addition, the plan attempts to clarify some of the regulatory guidelines emphasizing particularities associated with the building types studied and reflects constructive and structural characteristics (construction system/traditional materials). This phase will be accompanied by a series of technical recommendations, supported by the above mentioned principles, focusing on the use of traditional materials or in some cases, adequately tested contemporary materials that guarantee the aforementioned principles of reversibility, compatibility and minimal intervention and take into account elements intended to replace the affected parts which must integrate harmoniously and simultaneously be distinguishable in order not to distort the perception of reality. And lastly we collate the previous analysis with small scale architectural projects, primarily housing, in which the starting point is the safe guarding and valorization of a building's architectural type and its relation with its surroundings, respecting the evolutionary process associated with each architectural type, without abdicating the modernization of the building, creating a peaceful relation with the existing. The end result will be a product with a contemporary stamp that benefits from the dialogue with the preexisting that enriches the intervention.
This work displays a specific approach to the concept of rehabilitation in older buildings associated with the concept of authenticity. In practice rehabilitation is not limited to older buildings and can include other aspects such as urban infrastructure and in a broader view, can encompass a series of actions designed to render a building or a series of buildings functional often involving improvements that can run the risk of intrusive interventions including fachadism that reduce the original buildings to partial or total shells. The work is oriented towards an understanding of urban rehabilitation as a “new urban policy that seeks the re-qualification of the existing city through strategies and actions focused on improving the socioeconomic and environmental conditions and functionality of urban areas as well as bettering the quality of life for residents through improved physical conditions of building construction, common spaces, infrastructure, installation and public spaces.” A more analytic and synthetic approach is adopted embracing the urban analysis developed in previous studies associated with methodologies tested in urban plans that were focused on older areas and influenced by Italian movements of the 1960s which adopted new ways of looking at the “historical city” in a culturally charged urban context to become an international reference. Also considered are new methods of analysis and diagnosis that strengthen the consistency of intervention in sensitive urban areas dispersed across various countries which have a rich but fragile heritage and that require particular care in its management. Rehabilitation is perceived as outlined in the 1964 Charter of Venice and the recommendations given by ICOMOS. These references are inseparable from the prevailing Italian architectural culture of the period and we use the urbanization plan of Tolosa to focus on aspects related to the urban evolution and morph-typological characteristics to show how this type of analysis is reflected in the proposals of the plan which is based on an understanding of existing house types and their classification into groups. In addition, the plan attempts to clarify some of the regulatory guidelines emphasizing particularities associated with the building types studied and reflects constructive and structural characteristics (construction system/traditional materials). This phase will be accompanied by a series of technical recommendations, supported by the above mentioned principles, focusing on the use of traditional materials or in some cases, adequately tested contemporary materials that guarantee the aforementioned principles of reversibility, compatibility and minimal intervention and take into account elements intended to replace the affected parts which must integrate harmoniously and simultaneously be distinguishable in order not to distort the perception of reality. And lastly we collate the previous analysis with small scale architectural projects, primarily housing, in which the starting point is the safe guarding and valorization of a building's architectural type and its relation with its surroundings, respecting the evolutionary process associated with each architectural type, without abdicating the modernization of the building, creating a peaceful relation with the existing. The end result will be a product with a contemporary stamp that benefits from the dialogue with the preexisting that enriches the intervention.
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