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Da integração e aceitação à inclusão na comunidade. Promoção da autonomia de pessoas com deficiência
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A inclusão de pessoas com deficiência exige, muitas vezes, uma reestruturação física, psicológica e profissional, regulada por uma intervenção multidisciplinar focada na habilitação de capacidades e desenvolvimento de novas competências. Este processo garante condições que contribuem para a adaptação social do indivíduo.
A investigação adotou uma abordagem qualitativa, através da realização de estudo de casos múltiplos, usando como instrumento de recolha de dados, entrevistas semiestruturadas, baseadas no método “histórias de vida”, permitindo explorar a inclusão social e autonomia das pessoas com deficiência intelectual, bem como o impacto da sua participação na comunidade e na sua qualidade de vida.
O estudo contou com a participação direta de cinco pessoas com perturbação do desenvolvimento intelectual e problemas de saúde mental associados, configurando casos de diagnóstico duplo. Apesar das diferenças nos seus contextos de vida, necessidades, capacidades e aspirações, todos partilhavam o objetivo comum de alcançar a inclusão comunitária, a sua autonomia e independência pessoal. Foram também entrevistados cinco participantes indiretos, envolvidos no quotidiano dos participantes diretos, envolvidos no apoio à autonomia e inclusão dos adultos estudados.
Os resultados evidenciaram que a autonomia e inclusão de pessoas com deficiência são viáveis, desde que apoiadas por um conjunto de fatores interligados, nomeadamente, políticas públicas eficazes, educação inclusiva, suporte social, emocional e físico, bem como atitudes positivas da comunidade e dos serviços. Quando estes elementos se encontram alinhados, é possível criar um ambiente acessível e inclusivo, permitindo às pessoas com deficiência alcançar uma vida plena, respeitando as suas limitações, capacidades e interesses. Evidenciou-se, ainda, que são as instituições que desempenham um papel central na autonomização das pessoas com deficiência, uma vez que, no contexto familiar, faltam conhecimentos e recursos para promover a autonomia e independência pessoal de forma consistente.
The inclusion of people with disabilities often requires physical, psychological, and professional restructuring, regulated by a multidisciplinary intervention focused on enabling abilities and developing new skills. This process ensures conditions that contribute to the individual's social adaptation. The research adopted a qualitative approach, conducting multiple case studies using semi-structured interviews based on the “life stories” method as a data collection tool, allowing for the exploration of the social inclusion and autonomy of people with intellectual disabilities, as well as the impact of their participation in the community on their quality of life. The study involved the direct participation of five people with intellectual developmental disabilities and associated mental health problems, constituting cases of dual diagnosis. Despite differences in their life contexts, needs, abilities, and aspirations, they all shared the common goal of achieving community inclusion, autonomy, and personal independence. Five indirect participants were also interviewed, who were involved in the daily lives of the direct participants and in supporting the autonomy and inclusion of the adults studied. The results showed that the autonomy and inclusion of people with disabilities are feasible, provided they are supported by a set of interrelated factors, namely effective public policies, inclusive education, social, emotional, and physical support, as well as positive attitudes from the community and services. When these elements are aligned, it is possible to create an accessible and inclusive environment, allowing people with disabilities to achieve a full life, respecting their limitations, abilities, and interests. It has also been shown that institutions play a central role in the empowerment of people with disabilities, since, in the family context, there is a lack of knowledge and resources to promote autonomy and personal independence in a consistent manner.
The inclusion of people with disabilities often requires physical, psychological, and professional restructuring, regulated by a multidisciplinary intervention focused on enabling abilities and developing new skills. This process ensures conditions that contribute to the individual's social adaptation. The research adopted a qualitative approach, conducting multiple case studies using semi-structured interviews based on the “life stories” method as a data collection tool, allowing for the exploration of the social inclusion and autonomy of people with intellectual disabilities, as well as the impact of their participation in the community on their quality of life. The study involved the direct participation of five people with intellectual developmental disabilities and associated mental health problems, constituting cases of dual diagnosis. Despite differences in their life contexts, needs, abilities, and aspirations, they all shared the common goal of achieving community inclusion, autonomy, and personal independence. Five indirect participants were also interviewed, who were involved in the daily lives of the direct participants and in supporting the autonomy and inclusion of the adults studied. The results showed that the autonomy and inclusion of people with disabilities are feasible, provided they are supported by a set of interrelated factors, namely effective public policies, inclusive education, social, emotional, and physical support, as well as positive attitudes from the community and services. When these elements are aligned, it is possible to create an accessible and inclusive environment, allowing people with disabilities to achieve a full life, respecting their limitations, abilities, and interests. It has also been shown that institutions play a central role in the empowerment of people with disabilities, since, in the family context, there is a lack of knowledge and resources to promote autonomy and personal independence in a consistent manner.
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Palavras-chave
Inclusão Autonomia Qualidade de vida Aceitação Histórias de vida Inclusion Autonomy Quality of life Acceptance Life histories