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Inteligência artificial aplicada à medicina: responsabilidade na perspetiva do direito europeu e da bioética
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A Inteligência Artificial (IA) atingiu um nível de desenvolvimento cuja implementação nas várias áreas em que pode ser aplicada, irá mudar a sociedade global de forma tão intensa, que será um marco, tal como foi a implementação da internet. Essa perspetiva está a preocupar o mundo porque pode alterar a forma como a humanidade será vista no futuro, principalmente pelo facto de alguns sistemas da IA terem a aptidão de aprender “sozinhos” e tomarem decisões relativamente autónomas, o que traz à mente alguns factos da ficção, como robôs inteligentes capazes de subjugar a espécie humana. A incerteza e a opacidade da IA, promove questionamentos jurídicos e éticos. Do ponto de vista normativo, a União Europeia criou recentemente o Regulamento Inteligência Artificial, baseado no risco e nas garantias dos direitos fundamentais sedimentados, enquanto continua a incentivar a investigação e a inovação, de modo a se manter na vanguarda da tecnologia à escala mundial. Já no ramo da bioética, as aplicações das novas tecnologias na área da saúde têm motivado debates em torno da ética. Nesse contexto, o risco da IA aplicada à medicina e o consequente apuramento da responsabilidade, é objeto de estudo na presente dissertação, desenvolvida ao longo de quatro capítulos: 1. enquadramento teórico da bioética e da deontologia médica; 2. considerações sobre a IA e os sistemas machine learning e deep learning, com destaque para a autonomia e a opacidade que os caracterizam; 3. análise de instrumentos jurídicos de Direito europeu relativos à IA, com o intuito de averiguar se convergem com os princípios da bioética e da deontologia médica; 4. responsabilidade decorrente do uso da IA, nomeadamente a responsabilidade do médico. Mediante investigação bibliográfica, exploratória, com recurso a livros, artigos, normas e outros documentos relevantes, por meio do emprego do método hipotético-dedutivo, foi possível concluir que, diante do desfasamento temporal entre a aplicação efetiva das normas e a realidade, o melhor caminho para proteger a dignidade da pessoa humana e os valores da União é a assunção da responsabilidade ética e o repensar dos valores, no sentido de compatibilizar os benefícios decorrentes do uso da IA com a humanização das relações, em especial na medicina.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has reached a level of development whose implementation in the various areas in which it can be applied will change global society so intensely that it will be a milestone, just as the implementation of the internet was. This perspective is worrying the world because it could change the way humanity will be seen in the future, mainly due to the fact that some AI systems have the ability to learn “alone” and make relatively autonomous decisions, which brings to mind some facts about fiction, such as intelligent robots capable of subjugating the human species. The uncertainty and opacity of AI promotes legal and ethical questions. From a normative point of view, the European Union recently created the Artificial Intelligence Regulation, based on risk and guarantees of established fundamental rights, while continuing to encourage research and innovation, in order to remain at the forefront of technology on a global scale. In the field of bioethics, the applications of new technologies in the area of health have motivated debates around ethics. In this context, the risk of AI applied to medicine and the consequent assessment of responsibility is the object of study in this dissertation, developed over four chapters: 1. theoretical framework of bioethics and medical deontology; 2. considerations about AI and machine learning and deep learning systems, with emphasis on the autonomy and opacity that characterize them; 3. analysis of legal instruments of European Law relating to AI, with the aim of determining whether they converge with the principles of bioethics and medical deontology; 4. liability arising from the use of AI, namely the responsibility of the doctor. Through bibliographical, exploratory research, using books, articles, standards and other relevant documents, through the use of the hypothetical-deductive method, it was possible to conclude that, given the time lag between the effective application of standards and reality, the best The path to protecting the dignity of the human person and the values of the Union is the assumption of ethical responsibility and the rethinking of values, in order to make the benefits arising from the use of AI compatible with the humanization of relationships, especially in medicine.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has reached a level of development whose implementation in the various areas in which it can be applied will change global society so intensely that it will be a milestone, just as the implementation of the internet was. This perspective is worrying the world because it could change the way humanity will be seen in the future, mainly due to the fact that some AI systems have the ability to learn “alone” and make relatively autonomous decisions, which brings to mind some facts about fiction, such as intelligent robots capable of subjugating the human species. The uncertainty and opacity of AI promotes legal and ethical questions. From a normative point of view, the European Union recently created the Artificial Intelligence Regulation, based on risk and guarantees of established fundamental rights, while continuing to encourage research and innovation, in order to remain at the forefront of technology on a global scale. In the field of bioethics, the applications of new technologies in the area of health have motivated debates around ethics. In this context, the risk of AI applied to medicine and the consequent assessment of responsibility is the object of study in this dissertation, developed over four chapters: 1. theoretical framework of bioethics and medical deontology; 2. considerations about AI and machine learning and deep learning systems, with emphasis on the autonomy and opacity that characterize them; 3. analysis of legal instruments of European Law relating to AI, with the aim of determining whether they converge with the principles of bioethics and medical deontology; 4. liability arising from the use of AI, namely the responsibility of the doctor. Through bibliographical, exploratory research, using books, articles, standards and other relevant documents, through the use of the hypothetical-deductive method, it was possible to conclude that, given the time lag between the effective application of standards and reality, the best The path to protecting the dignity of the human person and the values of the Union is the assumption of ethical responsibility and the rethinking of values, in order to make the benefits arising from the use of AI compatible with the humanization of relationships, especially in medicine.
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Keywords
Inteligência artificial Responsabilidade médica Bioética Biodireito