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Promoção e educação para a saúde em indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2
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Abstract(s)
A gestão da Diabetes Mellitus é um processo que necessita de contributos dos profissionais de saúde na aprendizagem de diversos temas, nomeadamente na área de: saúde mental, alimentação, exercício físico e os cuidados com o corpo. Esta patologia, não sendo controlada, pode conduzir a lesões e doença em diversos órgãos tais como: rins, coração, olhos, entre outros, e condicionar a qualidade de vida dos seus portadores. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi implementar sessões de promoção e educação para a saúde em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 identificados como tendo um maior risco para o desenvolvimento de complicações como a retinopatia diabética, e avaliar prospectivamente o impacto destas sessões no seu estado de saúde geral. A amostra final foi de 10 indivíduos identificados com maior risco de complicações associadas à doença, com média de idade de 64 ± 9 anos. O programa foi composto por 1 sessão de 4 temas: cuidados com o corpo, exercício físico, alimentação e saúde mental, ministrada por profissionais de cada área. Cada sessão teve a
duração de 50 minutos e foi realizada em grupo, na forma expositiva e interativa. Foram aplicados os seguintes questionários: de conhecimentos da Diabetes (DKQ-24), Escala de Atividades de Autocuidado com Diabetes (SDSCA) e o questionário Escala de Ansiedade, Depressão e Stress, 21 itens (EADS-21), antes e 3 meses depois das sessões. Os resultados obtidos mostraram um aumento significativo nos conhecimentos da doença (p-value=0.05), após a intervenção. Os restantes parâmetros (Ansiedade, Depressão e Stress) não revelaram alterações estatisticamente significativas, provavelmente devido à diminuta amostra e pouco espaço de temporal entre a análise T0 e T1. Na visita de seguimento, realizada telefonicamente, os participantes referiram que as sessões foram importantes para aumentar o conhecimento sobre os temas supramencionados, que conseguiram aplicar determinadas aprendizagens no seu dia-a-dia e que se sentiam satisfeitos por aplicar o que lhes foi transmitido. Reconheceram que as sessões os incitaram a praticar mais exercício físico, e esclarecer muitas dúvidas existentes sobre a doença. As principais limitações deste estudo foram o tamanho
reduzido da amostra, a ausência de um grupo de controlo, as sessões terem sido aplicadas no mesmo
dia e, finalmente, o tempo entre a intervenção e a aplicação do questionário ser apenas de 3 meses, que
se revelou curto para o estabelecimento de comportamentos que causassem impacto. É essencial que
existam mais intervenções deste tipo na Diabetes Mellitus, uma vez que esta é uma patologia cada vez
mais prevalente, que exige cuidados físicos e psicológicos, com uma constante gestão por parte do
indivíduo e da sua família, com o consequente impacto na sua qualidade de vida.
The management of Diabetes Mellitus requires contributions from healthcare professionals to enable patients acquiring different skills, particularly in the areas of: mental health, nutrition, physical exercise and body care. If not controlled, this pathology can lead to injuries and complications in different organs such as: kidneys, heart, eyes, among others, affecting the quality of life of those who suffer from it. The main objective of this work was to implement health promotion and education sessions in type 2 diabetic patients identified as having a higher risk for developing complications such as diabetic retinopathy, and to prospectively evaluate the impact of these sessions on their general health status. The final sample consisted of 10 individuals identified at higher risk of complications associated with the disease, with a mean age of 64 ± 9 years. The program consisted of 1 session of 4 themes: body care, physical exercise, nutrition and mental health, taught by professionals from each area. Each theme lasted 50 minutes and was carried out in groups, in an expository and interactive format. Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaires (DKQ-24), the Diabetes Self-Care Activities Scale (SDSCA) and the Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale questionnaire, 21 items (EADS-21) were administered before and 3 months after the sessions. Results showed that there was a significant increase in knowledge of the disease (p-value=0.05) after the session intervention. The remaining parameters (Anxiety, Depression and Stress) did not reveal statistically significant changes, probably due to the small sample and short timeframe between analysis of T0 e T1. In the follow-up visit, carried out telephonically, the participants reported that the sessions deepened their knowledge on the topics mentioned above, that they were able to apply the content of the session in their daily lives, and that they were satisfied by applying what they had learned Patients acknowledged that the sessions impelled them practice more physical exercise, and clarify many doubts about the disease. The main limitations of this study were the small sample size, the absence of a control group, the four sessions being carried out on the same day and, finally, the fact that the intervention and the application of the questionnaire differed in time in only 3 months, which proved to be too short to establish behaviors that would make a difference. It is essential to develop more interventions of this type in Diabetes Mellitus, since this is a pathology increasingly more prevalent that requires physical and psychological care, with constant management by the individual and their family, that may have a major impact on their quality of life.
The management of Diabetes Mellitus requires contributions from healthcare professionals to enable patients acquiring different skills, particularly in the areas of: mental health, nutrition, physical exercise and body care. If not controlled, this pathology can lead to injuries and complications in different organs such as: kidneys, heart, eyes, among others, affecting the quality of life of those who suffer from it. The main objective of this work was to implement health promotion and education sessions in type 2 diabetic patients identified as having a higher risk for developing complications such as diabetic retinopathy, and to prospectively evaluate the impact of these sessions on their general health status. The final sample consisted of 10 individuals identified at higher risk of complications associated with the disease, with a mean age of 64 ± 9 years. The program consisted of 1 session of 4 themes: body care, physical exercise, nutrition and mental health, taught by professionals from each area. Each theme lasted 50 minutes and was carried out in groups, in an expository and interactive format. Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaires (DKQ-24), the Diabetes Self-Care Activities Scale (SDSCA) and the Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale questionnaire, 21 items (EADS-21) were administered before and 3 months after the sessions. Results showed that there was a significant increase in knowledge of the disease (p-value=0.05) after the session intervention. The remaining parameters (Anxiety, Depression and Stress) did not reveal statistically significant changes, probably due to the small sample and short timeframe between analysis of T0 e T1. In the follow-up visit, carried out telephonically, the participants reported that the sessions deepened their knowledge on the topics mentioned above, that they were able to apply the content of the session in their daily lives, and that they were satisfied by applying what they had learned Patients acknowledged that the sessions impelled them practice more physical exercise, and clarify many doubts about the disease. The main limitations of this study were the small sample size, the absence of a control group, the four sessions being carried out on the same day and, finally, the fact that the intervention and the application of the questionnaire differed in time in only 3 months, which proved to be too short to establish behaviors that would make a difference. It is essential to develop more interventions of this type in Diabetes Mellitus, since this is a pathology increasingly more prevalent that requires physical and psychological care, with constant management by the individual and their family, that may have a major impact on their quality of life.
Description
Keywords
Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 Indivíduos diabéticos Autogestão Diabetic individuals Self-management Type 2 diabetes mellitus