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Manifestações orais e abordagem terapêutica em crianças com transtorno do espetro do autismo
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
De acordo com a American Psychiatric Association, o transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA), consiste numa desordem complexa do neurodesenvolvimento. Carateriza-se por uma tríade de manifestações, deficiente capacidade de comunicação, incapacidade de interagir socialmente e consequente autoisolamento, e por padrões de comportamentos repetitivos e restritos.
Manifesta-se precocemente, normalmente antes dos três primeiros anos de vida, sendo mais prevalente no género masculino. A sua etiologia permanece desconhecida, no entanto, a evidência científica sugere uma conjugação de fatores genéticos, ambientais e de agentes teratogénicos.
De maneira geral, crianças com TEA apresentam algumas deficiências físicas, motoras e psicológicas que as impedem de realizar uma correta higiene oral, bem como alguma seletividade alimentar, preferindo alimentos com alto teor cariogénico, levando a que apresentem uma saúde oral precária e comprometida, que resulta na presença de diversas manifestações orais. Diferenças entre crianças saudáveis e crianças com TEA, quanto à prevalência e incidência destas manifestações, não são consensuais, uma vez que o que existe são fatores de risco, associados às crianças com TEA, que as tornam mais vulneráveis à presença de determinadas manifestações orais.
A abordagem terapêutica em crianças com TEA constitui um enorme desafio, não só devido à amplitude de comportamentos que apresentam e que não permitem antecipar a sua atitude, mas também pela consulta em si que representa uma situação de stress, ansiedade e desconforto para as mesmas.
As manifestações características e específicas da doença exigem que o Odontopediatra esteja familiarizado com o transtorno para que possa adequar a abordagem terapêutica e as técnicas de controlo comportamental de acordo com as necessidades individuais da criança, privilegiando sempre a cooperação da mesma, contribuindo para o sucesso da consulta e, consequentemente, para uma melhoria do estado de saúde oral da criança.
According to the American Psychiatric Association, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. It is characterized by a triad of manifestations: impaired communication skills, an inability to socially interact and subsequent self-isolation, and repetitive and restricted patterns of behavior. It typically manifests early, often before the age of three, and is more prevalent in males. Its etiology remains unknown; however, scientific evidence suggests a combination of genetic, environmental, and teratogenic factors. In general, children with ASD exhibit some physical, motor, and psychological deficiencies that hinder them from maintaining proper oral hygiene. They may also display selective eating habits, preferring foods high in cariogenic content, leading to poor oral health and various oral manifestations. The prevalence and incidence of these oral manifestations compared to healthy children are not clear-cut, as there are risk factors associated with children with ASD that make them more vulnerable to certain oral issues. The therapeutic approach in children with ASD is a significant challenge. This is not only due to the wide range of behaviors they exhibit, which makes it difficult to anticipate their reactions, but also because the dental appointment itself can be a source of stress, anxiety and discomfort for them. The characteristic and specific manifestations of the disorder require that the pediatric dentist is familiar with ASD so that they can tailor the therapeutic approach and behavioral control techniques to the individual needs of the child, always prioritizing their cooperation. This contributes to the success of the appointment and, consequently, to an improvement in the oral health of the child.
According to the American Psychiatric Association, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. It is characterized by a triad of manifestations: impaired communication skills, an inability to socially interact and subsequent self-isolation, and repetitive and restricted patterns of behavior. It typically manifests early, often before the age of three, and is more prevalent in males. Its etiology remains unknown; however, scientific evidence suggests a combination of genetic, environmental, and teratogenic factors. In general, children with ASD exhibit some physical, motor, and psychological deficiencies that hinder them from maintaining proper oral hygiene. They may also display selective eating habits, preferring foods high in cariogenic content, leading to poor oral health and various oral manifestations. The prevalence and incidence of these oral manifestations compared to healthy children are not clear-cut, as there are risk factors associated with children with ASD that make them more vulnerable to certain oral issues. The therapeutic approach in children with ASD is a significant challenge. This is not only due to the wide range of behaviors they exhibit, which makes it difficult to anticipate their reactions, but also because the dental appointment itself can be a source of stress, anxiety and discomfort for them. The characteristic and specific manifestations of the disorder require that the pediatric dentist is familiar with ASD so that they can tailor the therapeutic approach and behavioral control techniques to the individual needs of the child, always prioritizing their cooperation. This contributes to the success of the appointment and, consequently, to an improvement in the oral health of the child.
Description
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz
Keywords
Transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA) Crianças Manifestações orais Abordagem terapêutica