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A Transformação da Artilharia de Campanha da Guerra Civil Americana à 1ª Guerra Mundial
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Abstract(s)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar e caraterizar as transformações
ocorridas, no equipamento da Artilharia de Campanha, no período compreendido entre a
Guerra Civil Americana (1861-1865) e a Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918), e
compreender quais as implicações resultantes na Artilharia do Exército Português.
O período estudado coincide com a transição do século XIX para o século XX,
quando ocorrem as primeiras guerras industriais, correspondendo a uma fase de grande
transformação e evolução da Artilharia de Campanha. Este progresso, derivado de uma
época de constante evolução tecnológica proporcionado pelas inovações industriais,
permite a produção de novos materiais e o aperfeiçoamento do armamento, que
materializam o período de afirmação da Arma e da transição para a moderna Artilharia.
Durante este período ocorrem importantes melhoramentos nomeadamente, com o
estriamento dos canos, na aplicação da retrocarga, da aplicação de ligações elásticas por
forma a absorver o recuo após o disparo, na construção das peças em aço que permitem
resistir a maiores pressões, o aperfeiçoamento das munições e o desenvolvimento do tiro
indireto.
Para a elaboração deste trabalho de investigação, a metodologia utilizada está
enquadrada no âmbito de uma pesquisa e investigação histórica baseada na consulta e
recolha de informação, realizada no Arquivo Histórico Militar, e consequente tratamento
de fontes primárias manuscritas e impressas complementada com outras fontes textuais e
bibliográficas nacionais e internacionais, através da pesquisa documental, diretamente
relacionadas com o tema a explorar.
Desta análise concluiu-se que, no período estudado, a Artilharia de Campanha
sofreu um conjunto de inovações técnicas, que permitiram aperfeiçoar o equipamento de
guerra resultando num maior rendimento, ao aumentar o alcance, a letalidade, os efeitos no
alvo e a precisão, reduzindo-se a dispersão do tiro. Tais inovações técnicas implicaram a
alteração da organização e tática dos diferentes exércitos nas primeiras guerras industriais.
Após um conjunto de acontecimentos, ocorridos durante a primeira metade do
século XIX, que provocaram o declínio económico-financeiro, tecnológico e industrial de Portugal, cujos efeitos negativos só foram atenuados pelo empreendedorismo económico e
político da Regeneração e do Fontismo, através de programas de modernização militar e de
rearmamento, que obrigavam a atualizar os principais estabelecimentos fabris nacionais.
Portugal conseguiu acompanhar sem considerável atraso os principais países europeus, ao
nível do estriamento e da retrocarga.
Contudo, a partir da década de 70 do século XIX, Portugal começa a evidenciar
limitações, e entra numa fase de reduzida autonomia técnica e industrial, incapaz de
produzir novo armamento, adotando uma política de aquisição de equipamento ou
componentes ao estrangeiro, nomeadamente à Alemanha e França.
Abstract The present work aims to analyze and characterize the transformations that have taken place in the equipment of the Field Artillery, in the period between the American Civil War (1861-1865) and the First World War (1914-1918), and understand the implications resulting in the Artillery of the Portuguese Army. The studied period coincides with the transition from the 19th century to the 20th century, when the first industrial wars occur, corresponding to a period of great transformation and evolution of the Field Artillery. This progress, derived from an era of constant technological evolution provided by industrial innovations, allows the production of new materials and the improvement of armament that embody the period of affirmation of the Branch and the transition to modern Artillery. During this period significant improvements occur especially with the rifling of the barrels, the breech loading, the application of recoil mechanism in order to absorb the recoil after shooting, the construction of field guns in steel that allow to withstand the higher pressures, the improvement of ammunition and the development of indirect fire. For the elaboration of this investigation work, the methodology used is framed within a research study and historical investigation based on consultation and gathering of information, held at the Military Historical Archive, and consequent treatment of primary handwritten and printed sources complemented with other textual sources and national and international literature, through documentary research, directly related to the topic to explore. From this analysis it was concluded that, in the period studied, the Field Artillery suffered a number of technical innovations that allowed improving the equipment of war resulting in increased efficiency, increased range, lethality, the effects on target and accuracy, reducing the dispersion of the shot. Such technical innovations resulted in changes in the organization and tactics of the different armies in the early industrial wars. After a series of events that occurred during the first half of the nineteenth century, which led to economic, financial, technological and industrial decline of Portugal, whose negative effects were only mitigated by economic and political entrepreneurship of the Regeneration and Fontismo through programs of modernization and military rearmament, which required to update the main national manufacturing establishments. Portugal managed to follow without considerable delay major European countries, about the rifling and breech loading. However, from the 70s of the XIX century, Portugal begins to show limitations, and enters a phase of reduced industrial and technical autonomy, unable to produce new weapons, adopting a policy of purchasing equipment or components abroad, most notably in Germany and France.
Abstract The present work aims to analyze and characterize the transformations that have taken place in the equipment of the Field Artillery, in the period between the American Civil War (1861-1865) and the First World War (1914-1918), and understand the implications resulting in the Artillery of the Portuguese Army. The studied period coincides with the transition from the 19th century to the 20th century, when the first industrial wars occur, corresponding to a period of great transformation and evolution of the Field Artillery. This progress, derived from an era of constant technological evolution provided by industrial innovations, allows the production of new materials and the improvement of armament that embody the period of affirmation of the Branch and the transition to modern Artillery. During this period significant improvements occur especially with the rifling of the barrels, the breech loading, the application of recoil mechanism in order to absorb the recoil after shooting, the construction of field guns in steel that allow to withstand the higher pressures, the improvement of ammunition and the development of indirect fire. For the elaboration of this investigation work, the methodology used is framed within a research study and historical investigation based on consultation and gathering of information, held at the Military Historical Archive, and consequent treatment of primary handwritten and printed sources complemented with other textual sources and national and international literature, through documentary research, directly related to the topic to explore. From this analysis it was concluded that, in the period studied, the Field Artillery suffered a number of technical innovations that allowed improving the equipment of war resulting in increased efficiency, increased range, lethality, the effects on target and accuracy, reducing the dispersion of the shot. Such technical innovations resulted in changes in the organization and tactics of the different armies in the early industrial wars. After a series of events that occurred during the first half of the nineteenth century, which led to economic, financial, technological and industrial decline of Portugal, whose negative effects were only mitigated by economic and political entrepreneurship of the Regeneration and Fontismo through programs of modernization and military rearmament, which required to update the main national manufacturing establishments. Portugal managed to follow without considerable delay major European countries, about the rifling and breech loading. However, from the 70s of the XIX century, Portugal begins to show limitations, and enters a phase of reduced industrial and technical autonomy, unable to produce new weapons, adopting a policy of purchasing equipment or components abroad, most notably in Germany and France.
Description
Keywords
Artilharia de Campanha Bocas-de-Fogo Equipamento Inovação
Citation
Publisher
Academia Militar. Direção de Ensino