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Prova testemunhal: a justiça penal
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Abstract(s)
A memória, enquanto processo psicológico básico, constitui um elemento fulcral na emissão e valoração posterior do depoimento testemunhal; porém, não funciona num registo exacto e perfeito, o que ocorre em razão de vieses que condicionam as fases mnésicas. Daí que os processos judiciais – desde logo, os criminais sejam afectados por deturpações de testemunho, emergentes de défice dos processos psicológicos inerentes como a atenção, a percepção e a memória. O produto testemunhal que se obtém em cada processo contempla, necessariamente, erros que são consequência de falhas ocorridas em qualquer um, ou em vários, desses processos, alcançando-se, pois, a mentira inconsciente na discursividade dos testemunhos.
Sistematicamente dependemos da memória nas acções mais básicas do nosso quotidiano, sendo que o fazemos de forma tão automática que acaba por se tornar imperceptivel – é inato ao Homem.
A prova testemunhal assume um valor incontornável no processo judicial, principalmente se estivermos a falar de um processo penal, no qual se revela como instrumento fundamental para que se consiga alcançar a verdade material. Enquanto no processo civil a prova pericial e a prova documental têm um papel importantíssimo para formar a convicção do juiz, no processo penal a prova testemunhal assume-se como o meio de prova mais utilizado e mais valorizado, em detrimento dos restantes.
A testemunha será, portanto, analisada tendo como foco as memórias e as fragilidades que estas podem apresentar com o decorrer do tempo ou demais influências que se traduzam no seu depoimento, bem como em função da descodificação feita pelo aplicador de Direito.
Being a basic psychologycal procedure, memory constitutes a crucial element on the latter expression a value of the testimonial evidence; however, it does not work on a perfect and exact basis, due to obstacles that condition the mnesic phases. That is one of the reasons that lead us to say that law suits - mainly of criminal order – are often influenced by testimonial distortions inherently created from psychological processes deficits, such as attention, perception and memory. The testimonial product obtained in each process, necessarily comprehends errors that result from flaws occurred in any - if not many - of the these procedures. It is, subsequently, achieved the paradigm of an unconscious deception on the testemonies speech. We systematically rely our memory on the most basic accions of our daily routine, being such an automatic feature that becomes naturally inconspicuous. It is, then, innat to the Man. The testimonial evidence has an indisputable value on almost every law suit, but especially speaking on a criminal matter, under which is found as a key item in order to achieve the universal truth. Whereas on civil matter both the documentary and expert evidence prevails, playing crucial role to the judges final conviction, on criminal matter testimonial evidence rises as the primordial source of conviction, which makes it the most used and valued mean of proof, to the detriment of the remaining means. The witness will, therefore, be carefully examined attending to its memories and its weaknesses, presented in the intervening time or other influences that the testimony can translate and due to the decoding done by the Law Applicator.
Being a basic psychologycal procedure, memory constitutes a crucial element on the latter expression a value of the testimonial evidence; however, it does not work on a perfect and exact basis, due to obstacles that condition the mnesic phases. That is one of the reasons that lead us to say that law suits - mainly of criminal order – are often influenced by testimonial distortions inherently created from psychological processes deficits, such as attention, perception and memory. The testimonial product obtained in each process, necessarily comprehends errors that result from flaws occurred in any - if not many - of the these procedures. It is, subsequently, achieved the paradigm of an unconscious deception on the testemonies speech. We systematically rely our memory on the most basic accions of our daily routine, being such an automatic feature that becomes naturally inconspicuous. It is, then, innat to the Man. The testimonial evidence has an indisputable value on almost every law suit, but especially speaking on a criminal matter, under which is found as a key item in order to achieve the universal truth. Whereas on civil matter both the documentary and expert evidence prevails, playing crucial role to the judges final conviction, on criminal matter testimonial evidence rises as the primordial source of conviction, which makes it the most used and valued mean of proof, to the detriment of the remaining means. The witness will, therefore, be carefully examined attending to its memories and its weaknesses, presented in the intervening time or other influences that the testimony can translate and due to the decoding done by the Law Applicator.
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Keywords
Testemunha Memória Memórias reconstruídas Reconstrução Psicologia Criminologia Prova testemunhal