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Leptospirose Canina: Ecologia da Infeção, Fatores de Risco e Impacto na Saúde Pública
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Abstract(s)
A leptospirose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial, causada por bactérias do género Leptospira,
que afeta mamíferos, incluindo cães e humanos. Os cães podem atuar como sentinelas ou fontes de
infeção para humanos. A transmissão ocorre por contacto direto ou indireto com urina infetada,
frequentemente através de ambientes contaminados. Os roedores são reconhecidos como o principal
hospedeiro reservatório de Leptospira, mas outros hospedeiros podem também manter a infeção num
ecossistema de acordo com a região e influenciando a prevalência local.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar a ecologia da infeção por Leptospira em cães,
identificar os principais fatores de risco associados à doença e refletir sobre o seu impacto na saúde
pública, enquadrando a análise na perspetiva One Health. O trabalho baseia-se numa revisão
bibliográfica da literatura científica recente, abordando aspetos como a etiologia, mecanismos de
transmissão, persistência ambiental, fatores de risco individuais, sociais e ecológicos, além das
estratégias de prevenção a nível global.
A leptospirose é frequentemente subdiagnosticada devido à sua apresentação clínica inespecífica e à
possibilidade de infeções assintomáticas, o que contribui para a sua subnotificação e classificação
como doença negligenciada. A identificação de novos serovares em diferentes regiões e a alteração no
padrão de distribuição geográfica da infeção refletem a dinâmica epidemiológica da infeção,
influenciada por fatores ambientais, comportamentais e socioeconómicos, bem como pelas alterações
climáticas e práticas agrícolas.
A prevenção e controlo da leptospirose exigem uma abordagem multidisciplinar, integrando a
vacinação, a vigilância epidemiológica, a educação da população e a sensibilização dos profissionais de
saúde. O estudo reforça a necessidade de colaboração entre os setores de saúde animal, humana e
ambiental para uma resposta eficaz à leptospirose, destacando a importância de estratégias integradas
e coordenadas no contexto One Health
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira that affects mammals, including dogs and humans. Dogs can act as sentinels or sources of infection for humans. Transmission occurs through direct or indirect contact with infected urine, often through contaminated environments. Rodents are recognised as the main reservoir host for Leptospira, but other hosts can also maintain infection in an ecosystem, depending on the region and influencing local prevalence. This work aims to analyze the ecology of Leptospira infection in dogs, to identify the main risk factors associated with the disease, and to reflect on its impact on public health, focusing the analysis within the One Health perspective. The work is based on a bibliographic review of recent scientific literature, addressing aspects such as etiology, transmission mechanisms, environmental persistence, individual, social, and ecological risk factors, as well as global prevention strategies. Leptospirosis is often underdiagnosed due to its non-specific clinical presentation and the possibility of asymptomatic infections, which contributes to its underreporting and classification as a neglected disease. The identification of new serovars in different regions and the change in the geographical distribution pattern of the infection reflect the epidemiological dynamics of the infection, influenced by environmental, behavioural and socio-economic factors, as well as climate change and agricultural practices. The prevention and control of leptospirosis requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating vaccination, epidemiological surveillance, population education and awareness-raising among health professionals. This study reinforces the need for collaboration between the animal, human and environmental health sectors for an effective response to leptospirosis, emphasizing the importance of integrated and coordinated strategies in the One Health context.
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira that affects mammals, including dogs and humans. Dogs can act as sentinels or sources of infection for humans. Transmission occurs through direct or indirect contact with infected urine, often through contaminated environments. Rodents are recognised as the main reservoir host for Leptospira, but other hosts can also maintain infection in an ecosystem, depending on the region and influencing local prevalence. This work aims to analyze the ecology of Leptospira infection in dogs, to identify the main risk factors associated with the disease, and to reflect on its impact on public health, focusing the analysis within the One Health perspective. The work is based on a bibliographic review of recent scientific literature, addressing aspects such as etiology, transmission mechanisms, environmental persistence, individual, social, and ecological risk factors, as well as global prevention strategies. Leptospirosis is often underdiagnosed due to its non-specific clinical presentation and the possibility of asymptomatic infections, which contributes to its underreporting and classification as a neglected disease. The identification of new serovars in different regions and the change in the geographical distribution pattern of the infection reflect the epidemiological dynamics of the infection, influenced by environmental, behavioural and socio-economic factors, as well as climate change and agricultural practices. The prevention and control of leptospirosis requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating vaccination, epidemiological surveillance, population education and awareness-raising among health professionals. This study reinforces the need for collaboration between the animal, human and environmental health sectors for an effective response to leptospirosis, emphasizing the importance of integrated and coordinated strategies in the One Health context.
Description
Keywords
Cão Epidemiologia Fatores de risco Leptospirose Saúde pública Zoonose Dog Epidemiology Leptospirosis Public health Risk factors Zoonosis